GI Anatomy & Embryology

Question 1

What is the order of the obliques from outside to inside?

Answer 1

external, internal, transversus abdominis

Question 2

What muscles are enclosed in the rectus sheath?

Answer 2

rectus abdominis, pyramidalis

Question 3

What is the inguinal ligament?

Answer 3

The bottom of the external obliques that runs from ASIS to pubic tubercle

Question 4

What muscles make up the posterior abdominal wall? (6)

Answer 4

diaphragm, psoas major/minor, quadratus lumborum, iliacus, transversus abdominis

Question 5

Where does the aponeurosis of the transversus abdominis change from over to under the rectus abdominis?

Answer 5

arcuate line

Question 6

What is the ligamentum teres?

Answer 6

the remnant of the umbilical vein

Question 7

What holds the liver to the abdominal wall?

Answer 7

the Falciform ligament

Question 8

Where do the superior and inferior epigastric arteries originate?

Answer 8

internal thoracic (superior) and femoral (inferior)

Question 9

Where is a direct hernia?

Answer 9

Through the abdominal wall

Question 10

Where is an indirect hernia?

Answer 10

in the spermatic cord

Question 11

What do the dorsal and ventral mesenteries form?

Answer 11

Dorsal: mesentery
Ventral: liver

Question 12

What causes duodenal atresia?

Answer 12

failure of recanalization

Question 13

What is an umbilical hernia?

Answer 13

henia of intestines through imperfectly closed umbilicus, covered by skin

Question 14

What is omphalocele?

Answer 14

persistence of herniated intestines, covered by peritoneum

Question 15

What is gastroschisis?

Answer 15

unclosed abdominal wall allowing intestines to herniate, not covered

Question 16

What is the most common congenital GI tract anomaly?

Answer 16

Meckel’s diverticulum

Question 17

What is Meckel’s diverticulum?

Answer 17

A remnant of the vitelline duct ni the distal small intestine (2 in long, 2 ft from ileocecal)

Question 18

What is Hirschsprung’s disease?

Answer 18

absence of innervation in distal GI tract wall

Question 19

How does the pancreas develop?

Answer 19

buds in the ventral and dorsal mesenteries rotate and fuse

Question 20

What are the intraperitoneal organs? (9)

Answer 20

stomach
duodemum (proximal)
liver
pancreas (tail) 
spleen
jejunum
ileum
transverse colon
sigmoid colon

Question 21

What are the retroperitoneal GI organs? (6)

Answer 21

esophagus
duodenum (distal)
pancreas
ascending colon
descending colon
rectum

Question 22

What are the parts of the lesser omentum?

Answer 22

hepatogastric and hepatoduodenal ligaments

Question 23

Where is the omental bursa?

Answer 23

behind the stomach, liver, and lesser omentum

Question 24

What are the boundaries of the omental foramen?

Answer 24

caudate lobe, duodenum, hepatoduodenal ligament, IVC

Question 25

What makes up the portal triad?

Answer 25

portal vein, common bile duct, proper hepatic artery

Question 26

What vessels supple the foregut, midgut, and hindgut?

Answer 26

celiac trunk SMA IMA

Question 27

What are the branches of the celiac trunk?

Answer 27

``` common hepatic (right) splenic (left) left gastric (up) ```

Question 28

What are the branches of the common hepatic artery?

Answer 28

``` proper hepatic (up) gastroduodenal (down) right gastric (left) ```

Question 29

What does the splenic artery vascularize?

Answer 29

spleen, pancreas (body), greater curvature (left epiploic)

Question 30

What are three sites of portal-systemic anastomoses?

Answer 30

left gastric -esophageal paraumbilical-abdominal wall superior rectal-middle/inferior rectal

Question 31

Where does the common bile duct and main pancreatic duct enter the duodenum?

Answer 31

major papilla or sphincter of Oddi

Question 32

What makes up the "nutcracker"

Answer 32

aorta and SMA, renal vein and duodenum inside

Question 33

Sphincters are a thickening of which layer?

Answer 33

muscularis externa

Question 34

What provides parasympathetic innervation to the midgut?

Answer 34

vagus

Question 35

What provides parasympathetic innervation to the foregut?

Answer 35

vagus

Question 36

What provides parasympathetic innervation to the hindgut?

Answer 36

S2-S4

Question 37

Where does mucosa transition to skin at the anus?

Answer 37

pectinate line

Question 38

What holds the liver to the diaphragm?

Answer 38

coronary and triangular ligaments