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GI Block > Esophageal & Gastric Pathology > Flashcards

Esophageal & Gastric Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is achalasia?

A

lack of peristalsis in the esophagus and no relaxation of the LES

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2
Q

What causes achalasia?

A

inflammation in the myenteric plexus (Chagas disease)

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3
Q

What does a barium swallow show in achalasia?

A

dilated esophagus with bird beak

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4
Q

What is the treatment for achalasia?

A

botox or dilation of the LES, treat cause

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5
Q

What is jackhammer esophagus?

A

hypercontractile peristalsis

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6
Q

What is the treatment for esophageal spasm?

A

Ca-channel blockers, nitrates, surgery

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7
Q

What is ineffective esophageal motility?

A

weak, but present peristalsis

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8
Q

How does scleroderma manifest in the esophagus?

A

no peristalsis and NO LES tone

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9
Q

What are the causes of esophagitis? (7)

A

candida, CMV, herpes, pills, chemicals, eosinophilic, GERD

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10
Q

What is the result of alkaline and acidic ingestion?

A

alkaline: liquefactive necrosis
acidic: coagulative necrosis

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11
Q

What is seen on endoscopy in eosinophilic esophagitis?

A

rings edema, linear furows, white plaques

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12
Q

What are the two types of hiatal hernia?

A

sliding, paraesophageal

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13
Q

What is the most common cause of hiatal hernia?

A

obesity

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14
Q

What is a complication of hiatal hernia?

A

GERD (weakened LES)

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15
Q

What are the possible complications of GERD?

A

erosion, ulceration, stricture, metaplasia, dysplasia, adenocarcinoma

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16
Q

How is GERD diagnosed (without red flags)?

A

PPI test

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17
Q

What are the red flag symptoms of GERD? (8)

A

weight loss, vomiting, bleeding, anemia, dysphagia, jaundice, abdominal mass, older age

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18
Q

What is Barrett’s esophagus?

A

metaplasia to intestinal columnar epithelium (with protective mucus layer)

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19
Q

What are the main risk factors for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma?

A

smoking, alcohol

20
Q

What is the main risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma?

A

GERD

21
Q

What is the most common cause of anaerobic infection?

A

Bacteroides fragilis

22
Q

What are the Clostridium pathogens and their associated diseases?

A

perfringens: gas gangrene
septicum: gas gangrene/sepsis
botulinum: botulism
difficile: colitis

23
Q

What antibiotics are always active against anaerobes? (3)

A

metronidazole, carbapenems, beta-lactam (w/ b-lactamase inh)

24
Q

What antibiotics are never active against anaerobes? (3)

A

aminoglycosides, bactrim, aztreonam

25
Q

What are the primary virulence factors for H. pylori? (3)

A

urease, flagella, mucinase

26
Q

Where are H. pylori virulence factor genes located?

A

cag pathogenicity island

27
Q

What causes dysphagia with solid food only?

A

obstruction

28
Q

What causes dysphagia with solids and liquids?

A

neuromuscular disorders

29
Q

What is the cause of intermittent mechanical dysphagia with bread/meat?

A

Schatzki ring

30
Q

What is the cause of progressive mechanical dysphagia with chronic heartburn?

A

peptic stricture

31
Q

What is the cause of progressive mechanical dysphagia with weight loss?

A

carcinoma

32
Q

What isthe cause of intermittent neuromuscular dysphagia with chest pain?

A

spasm

33
Q

what is the cause of progressive neuromuscular dysphagia with chronic heartburn?

A

scleroderma

34
Q

What is the cause of progressive neuromuscular dysphagia with regurgitation?

A

achalasia

35
Q

iron decifiency and webs

A

Plummer-Vinson syndrome

36
Q

What are the causes of acute gastritis?

A

drugs, H. pylori, virus, uremia, stress

37
Q

What ulcer results from burns?

A

Curling ulcer

38
Q

What ulcer results from brain trauma?

A

Cushing ulcer (increased vagal tone)

39
Q

What results from chronic gastritis?

A

mucosal atrophy, metaplasia

40
Q

What results from auto-parietal cell antibodies?

A

pernicious anemia (macrocytic, no IF)

41
Q

What are the possible complication of a peptic ulcer?

A

hemorrhage, perforation, obstruction

42
Q

What causes Zollinger-Ellison syndrome?

A

gastrinoma

43
Q

What is menetrier disease?

A

hyperplasia of gastric pit mucus cells (cerebriform pattern)

44
Q

What are the 4 main causes of acute n/v?

A

infection, toxin, obstruction, trauma

45
Q

What is a major cause of gasroparesis?

A

diabetes

46
Q

What are the 5 diagnostic tests for H. pylori?

A 
urea breath test
rapid urease
histology
serology
stool antigen

GI Block (5 decks)

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