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ENT > physiology > Flashcards

physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what is sound

A

pressure wave caused by oscillating molecules set in motion by a vibration

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2
Q

what range of sounds can humans hear

A

20-20,00Hz

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3
Q

what dictates pitch

A

frequency of wave

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4
Q

what dictates intensity

A

amplitude of wave

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5
Q

what is used to assess hearing range

A

audiogram

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6
Q

what role does the external ear play in hearing

A

functions as a receiver due to its shape

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7
Q

what role does the middle ear play in hearing

A

functions as an amplifier

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8
Q

what within the middle ear amplifies sound, how much is the sound amplified by

A

ossicular chain

amplified by 20-25dB

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9
Q

what are the two openings of the cochlea, what are their function

A

oval and round window

permit transmission of the pressure wave in the canal and the vibration of the basilar membrane

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10
Q

what is the function of the inner ear in hearing

A

receiver/transducer

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11
Q

how is hearing function tested in universal newborn hearing screening

A

The outer hair cells in the organ of corgi produce sounds called outer acoustic emissions (OAEs) but if OAEs are absent this suggests a problem with hearing.

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12
Q

what does the vestibulospinal tract allow us to do with regards to balance

A

balance with our eyes shut

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13
Q

how can the vestibulospinal tract function be tested

A

romberg test (close eyes and see if they can balance)

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14
Q

what does the vestibule-ocular reflex allow us to do with regards to vision

A

vision remains still even if the head moves from side to side

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15
Q

what does damage to the vestibule-ocular reflex result in

A

nystagmus

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16
Q

what is oscillopsia, what causes it

A

patient experiences constant vertigo as they are unable to focus while moving

this is due to NO vestibular input

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17
Q

what are the receptors for taste and smell

A

chemoreceptors

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18
Q

what is the sense organ for taste

A

taste buds

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19
Q

what is the lifespan of taste buds

A

10 days

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20
Q

where are taste buds located, where are the majority found

A

tongue, palate, epiglottis and pharynx

majority - papillae in the tongue

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21
Q

what are papillae

A

finger-like structures which gives the rouge appearance on the tongue surface

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22
Q

what are the 4 types of papillae, which contain taste buds

A

Filiform = most numerous,
Fungiform
Vallate
Foliate

all contain taste buds apart from filiform

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23
Q

what are taste provoking chemicals called

A

tastants

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24
Q

what nerves are involved in transmitting taste to the brain

A

VIIth (chorda tympani branch of facial nerve) = anterior 2/3rd tongue
IXth = posterior 3rd of tongue
Xth = areas other than tongue e.g. epiglottis and pharynx

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25
Q

what are the 5 tastes

A 
salty
sour
sweet
bitter
umami (meaty or savoury)
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26
Q

what causes a salty taste

A

stimulation by chemical salt especially sodium chloride

27
Q

what causes a sour taste

A

stimulation by acids which contain free H+ ions

28
Q

what causes a sweet taste

A

stimulation by glucose

29
Q

what causes a bitter taste

A

stimulated by lots of tastants (e.g. toxic plants, poison)

30
Q

what causes a umami taste

A

trigger by amino acids especially glutamate

31
Q

what is ageusia, what causes it

A

loss of taste function caused by:

nerve damage
local inflammation
some endocrine disorders

32
Q

what is hypogeusia, what causes it

A

reduced taste function caused by:

chemo
medications

33
Q

what is dysgeusia, what causes it

A

distortion of taste caused by:

medications
chemo
zinc deficiency  
dental issues
URTI
reflux
glossitis
34
Q

what are olfactory receptors, where are they located

A

specialised ending of renewable afferent neurones within the olfactory mucosa

35
Q

what is the lifespan of olfactory receptors

A

2 months

36
Q

what is the olfactory mucosa

A

patch of mucosa in the dorsal roff of the nasal cavity

37
Q

what 3 cell types are found in the olfactory mucosa, what are their functions

A

olfactory receptors = detect smells
basal cells = secrete mucus
supporting cells

38
Q

how do impulses from the olfactory receptors reach the brain

A

receptors to olfactory nerve which pierces the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone which enters the olfactory bulbs in the inferior surface of the brain. the bulbs then transmit to the brain

39
Q

what must a substance to in order to be smelled

A

sufficiently volatile = must enter nose with inspired air

sufficiently water-soluble = to dissolve in the mucous coating of the olfactory mucosa

40
Q

what do olfactory receptors detect

A

odourants

41
Q

how do odourants reach the receptors normally, how can this be enhanced

A

via diffusion as the olfactory mucosa in above the normal path of airflow

sniffing = draws air upwards to the mucosa

42
Q

what is anosmia, what causes it

A

inability to smell caused by:

viral infection
allergy
nasal polyps
head injury

43
Q

what is hyposmia, what causes it

A

reduced ability to smell caused by the same things as anosmia

may be an early sign of parkinson’s

44
Q

what is dysosmia, what causes it

A

altered sense of smell caused by:

different interpretation of odours
hallucinations of smell

45
Q

what lines the external auditory canal

A

epidermis

46
Q

what lines the auditor meatus

A

epidermis

47
Q

what lines the middle ear

A

columnar lined mucosa

48
Q

what structures does the middle ear contain

A

ossicles

opening to the eustachian tube and mastoid cavity

49
Q

what are the 3 ossicles

A

malleus
incus
stapes

50
Q

what is the nose lined by

A

nasal vestibule = squamous epithelium

rest of nose = pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (respiratory epithelium)

51
Q

what is the throat lined with

A

squamous or pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

52
Q

what are the adenoids made of

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar cells which transitions into stratified squamous within deep folds.

53
Q

what are the tonsils made of, what do they contain

A

specialised squamous cells

contain deep crypts and lymphoid follicles

54
Q

what are the 2 components of salivary glands

A 
acinar = secretory system 
ductular = drainage system
55
Q

what are the 3 types of cell found within the salivary glands , how do they stain

A

serous cells = stain dark
mucinous component = stain clear grey
peripheral myopeithelial cells

56
Q

what do serous cells contain

A

digestive enzymes including amylase

57
Q

what is a pure tone threshold at a specific frequency

A

the decibel level at which the sound is heard 50% of the time

58
Q

what colour is all feedback from the RIGHT ear on audiograms

A

red

59
Q

what colour is all feedback from the LEFT ear on audiograms

A

blue

60
Q

what symbol is used to signify RIGHT air conduction on audiograms

A

circle

filled in circle = masked air conduction

61
Q

what symbol is used to signify RIGHT bone conduction on audiograms

A

triangle

[ = masked bone conduction

62
Q

what symbol is used to signify LEFT air conduction on audiograms

A

X

filled in circle = masked air conduction

63
Q

what symbol is used to signify LEFT bone conduction on audiograms

A

triangle

] = masked bone conduction

ENT (6 decks)

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