physiology

Question 1

what is sound

Answer 1

pressure wave caused by oscillating molecules set in motion by a vibration

Question 2

what range of sounds can humans hear

Answer 2

20-20,00Hz

Question 3

what dictates pitch

Answer 3

frequency of wave

Question 4

what dictates intensity

Answer 4

amplitude of wave

Question 5

what is used to assess hearing range

Answer 5

audiogram

Question 6

what role does the external ear play in hearing

Answer 6

functions as a receiver due to its shape

Question 7

what role does the middle ear play in hearing

Answer 7

functions as an amplifier

Question 8

what within the middle ear amplifies sound, how much is the sound amplified by

Answer 8

ossicular chain

amplified by 20-25dB

Question 9

what are the two openings of the cochlea, what are their function

Answer 9

oval and round window

permit transmission of the pressure wave in the canal and the vibration of the basilar membrane

Question 10

what is the function of the inner ear in hearing

Answer 10

receiver/transducer

Question 11

how is hearing function tested in universal newborn hearing screening

Answer 11

The outer hair cells in the organ of corgi produce sounds called outer acoustic emissions (OAEs) but if OAEs are absent this suggests a problem with hearing.

Question 12

what does the vestibulospinal tract allow us to do with regards to balance

Answer 12

balance with our eyes shut

Question 13

how can the vestibulospinal tract function be tested

Answer 13

romberg test (close eyes and see if they can balance)

Question 14

what does the vestibule-ocular reflex allow us to do with regards to vision

Answer 14

vision remains still even if the head moves from side to side

Question 15

what does damage to the vestibule-ocular reflex result in

Answer 15

nystagmus

Question 16

what is oscillopsia, what causes it

Answer 16

patient experiences constant vertigo as they are unable to focus while moving

this is due to NO vestibular input

Question 17

what are the receptors for taste and smell

Answer 17

chemoreceptors

Question 18

what is the sense organ for taste

Answer 18

taste buds

Question 19

what is the lifespan of taste buds

Answer 19

10 days

Question 20

where are taste buds located, where are the majority found

Answer 20

tongue, palate, epiglottis and pharynx

majority - papillae in the tongue

Question 21

what are papillae

Answer 21

finger-like structures which gives the rouge appearance on the tongue surface

Question 22

what are the 4 types of papillae, which contain taste buds

Answer 22

Filiform = most numerous,
Fungiform
Vallate
Foliate

all contain taste buds apart from filiform

Question 23

what are taste provoking chemicals called

Answer 23

tastants

Question 24

what nerves are involved in transmitting taste to the brain

Answer 24

VIIth (chorda tympani branch of facial nerve) = anterior 2/3rd tongue
IXth = posterior 3rd of tongue
Xth = areas other than tongue e.g. epiglottis and pharynx

Question 25

what are the 5 tastes

Answer 25

``` salty sour sweet bitter umami (meaty or savoury) ```

Question 26

what causes a salty taste

Answer 26

stimulation by chemical salt especially sodium chloride

Question 27

what causes a sour taste

Answer 27

stimulation by acids which contain free H+ ions

Question 28

what causes a sweet taste

Answer 28

stimulation by glucose

Question 29

what causes a bitter taste

Answer 29

stimulated by lots of tastants (e.g. toxic plants, poison)

Question 30

what causes a umami taste

Answer 30

trigger by amino acids especially glutamate

Question 31

what is ageusia, what causes it

Answer 31

loss of taste function caused by: nerve damage local inflammation some endocrine disorders

Question 32

what is hypogeusia, what causes it

Answer 32

reduced taste function caused by: chemo medications

Question 33

what is dysgeusia, what causes it

Answer 33

distortion of taste caused by: ``` medications chemo zinc deficiency dental issues URTI reflux glossitis ```

Question 34

what are olfactory receptors, where are they located

Answer 34

specialised ending of renewable afferent neurones within the olfactory mucosa

Question 35

what is the lifespan of olfactory receptors

Answer 35

2 months

Question 36

what is the olfactory mucosa

Answer 36

patch of mucosa in the dorsal roff of the nasal cavity

Question 37

what 3 cell types are found in the olfactory mucosa, what are their functions

Answer 37

olfactory receptors = detect smells basal cells = secrete mucus supporting cells

Question 38

how do impulses from the olfactory receptors reach the brain

Answer 38

receptors to olfactory nerve which pierces the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone which enters the olfactory bulbs in the inferior surface of the brain. the bulbs then transmit to the brain

Question 39

what must a substance to in order to be smelled

Answer 39

sufficiently volatile = must enter nose with inspired air sufficiently water-soluble = to dissolve in the mucous coating of the olfactory mucosa

Question 40

what do olfactory receptors detect

Answer 40

odourants

Question 41

how do odourants reach the receptors normally, how can this be enhanced

Answer 41

via diffusion as the olfactory mucosa in above the normal path of airflow sniffing = draws air upwards to the mucosa

Question 42

what is anosmia, what causes it

Answer 42

inability to smell caused by: viral infection allergy nasal polyps head injury

Question 43

what is hyposmia, what causes it

Answer 43

reduced ability to smell caused by the same things as anosmia may be an early sign of parkinson's

Question 44

what is dysosmia, what causes it

Answer 44

altered sense of smell caused by: different interpretation of odours hallucinations of smell

Question 45

what lines the external auditory canal

Answer 45

epidermis

Question 46

what lines the auditor meatus

Answer 46

epidermis

Question 47

what lines the middle ear

Answer 47

columnar lined mucosa

Question 48

what structures does the middle ear contain

Answer 48

ossicles | opening to the eustachian tube and mastoid cavity

Question 49

what are the 3 ossicles

Answer 49

malleus incus stapes

Question 50

what is the nose lined by

Answer 50

nasal vestibule = squamous epithelium rest of nose = pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (respiratory epithelium)

Question 51

what is the throat lined with

Answer 51

squamous or pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Question 52

what are the adenoids made of

Answer 52

ciliated pseudostratified columnar cells which transitions into stratified squamous within deep folds.

Question 53

what are the tonsils made of, what do they contain

Answer 53

specialised squamous cells contain deep crypts and lymphoid follicles

Question 54

what are the 2 components of salivary glands

Answer 54

``` acinar = secretory system ductular = drainage system ```

Question 55

what are the 3 types of cell found within the salivary glands , how do they stain

Answer 55

serous cells = stain dark mucinous component = stain clear grey peripheral myopeithelial cells

Question 56

what do serous cells contain

Answer 56

digestive enzymes including amylase

Question 57

what is a pure tone threshold at a specific frequency

Answer 57

the decibel level at which the sound is heard 50% of the time

Question 58

what colour is all feedback from the RIGHT ear on audiograms

Answer 58

red

Question 59

what colour is all feedback from the LEFT ear on audiograms

Answer 59

blue

Question 60

what symbol is used to signify RIGHT air conduction on audiograms

Answer 60

circle filled in circle = masked air conduction

Question 61

what symbol is used to signify RIGHT bone conduction on audiograms

Answer 61

triangle [ = masked bone conduction

Question 62

what symbol is used to signify LEFT air conduction on audiograms

Answer 62

X filled in circle = masked air conduction

Question 63

what symbol is used to signify LEFT bone conduction on audiograms

Answer 63

triangle ] = masked bone conduction