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GI Midterm > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

How does CNS regulate GI function?

A

Vago-vagal reflex (increases GI motility)

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2
Q

What are the 2 paracrine hormones?

A

Somatostatin + Histamine

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3
Q

What does somatostatin do?

(anti-growth hormone)

A

Reduces gastric secretion and the emission of gastrointestinal hormones, such as secretin and gastrin.

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4
Q

What does histamine do?

A

Stimulates acid production

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5
Q

What are the 4 endocrine hormones?

A
  1. Gastrin
  2. CCK
  3. Secretin
  4. GIP
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6
Q

Gastrin stimulates the growth of gastric mucosa via?

A

Increasing Gastric H+ secretion

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7
Q

What does CCK do?

A

Inhibits gastric emptying via trophic effect (cells divide a lot)

Also, increases pancreatic enzyme secretion and pancreatic HCO3- secretion

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8
Q

What does secretin do?

A

Inhibits trophic effect

Decreases Gastric H+ secretion

Does same thing as CCK w/ pancreas

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9
Q

What does GIP do? What stimulates it?

A

Increases insulin secretion (Incretin effect)

Decreases Gastric H+ secretion

Stimulated by taking oral glucose

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10
Q

What is the incretin effect?

A

It is better to take oral glucose than IV glucose for diabetes treatment.

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11
Q

These neurotransmitters (NE, VIP, NO, GRP, Neuropeptide Y) cause what?

A

Relaxation

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12
Q

These neurotransmitters (ACh, Substance P, Enkephalins) cause what?

A

Contraction

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13
Q

Parasympathetic Nerves + Hormones

A

Vagus (Brainstem) + Pelvic N.’s (sacral spinal cord)

Gastrin + Motilin

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14
Q

Sympathetic Nerves + Hormones

A

Spinal cord

Secretin + GIP

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15
Q

What generates spontaneous slow wave activity?

A

ICC (Interstitial cells of cajal)

“pacemaker of GI smooth muscle”

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16
Q

The mastication “chewing reflex” is innervaed by which cranial nerve?

A

5th cranial nerve

17
Q

Where are ICC cells located?

A

Myenteric Plexus

18
Q

What are the three swallowing phases? And what are they controlled by? What nerves give afferent sensory input?

A
  1. Oral
  2. Esophageal
  3. Pharyngeal

THE MEDULLA

Vagus N. + Glossopharyngeal N.

19
Q

Which peristaltic wave cannot occur after vagotomy?

A

Primary peristaltic wave

20
Q

What is the function of the migrating myoelectric complex? What is it mediated by?

A

“Stomach Cleaning”

It sweeps undigested food to the colon via periodic peristaltic contractions

Medated via motilin

21
Q

What reflex kicks in as negative feedback from the duodenum to slow down the rate of gastric emptying?

A

Entero-gastric reflex

22
Q

What is gastroparesis?

A

Slow emptying of the stomach (common in diabetes)

-normal time = 3 hrs-

23
Q

What part of the stomach “mixes” and digests food? What is this called?

A

The caudad part, this is called retropulsion (accomplished via parastaltic contractions)

24
Q

What part of the stomach functions in “receptive relaxation”?

A

The orad part. This decreases pressure + increases volume via vago-vagal reflex. CCK contractions and increases gastric distensibility.

25
Q

What is achlasia?

A

LES can’t relax and food gets stuck

26
Q

What increases the entero-gastric reflex, slowing down gastric emptying?

A

Acid/Fat in duodenum and hypertonicity

27
Q

What type of contractions “mix” the stomach?

A

Segmentation contractions

28
Q

What type of contraction push food forward?

A

Peristaltic contractions (via myenteric plexus)

29
Q

Serotonin, Prostaglandins, Gastrin, CCK, Motilin, and Insulin ____ contractions.

A

stimulate

30
Q

Epi, Secretin, and Glucagon ______ contractions?

A

Inhibit

31
Q

A spinal cord injury can inhibit which reflex and cause you to have no control of defecation?

A

Retrosphincteric reflex

32
Q

What center coordinates the vomiting reflex?

A

medulla

33
Q

Vagus N. innervates…

A

cecum, ascending + transverse colon

34
Q

Pelvic N. innervates…

A

descending colon + rectum

35
Q

Somatic pudendal N. innervates…

A

External Anal Sphincter

36
Q

Peristaltic contraction flow chart

A

Signal (stimulation of mucosa) –> enterochromaffin cells –> release serotonin –> bind to IPANs –> initiates peristaltic reflex –> interneuron –> motor neuron –> signal (distension of muscle)

37
Q
A

GI Midterm (8 decks)

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