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Neurology > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Formation of Action Potential

A

Rapid influx of Na+ into the cell
Causes more channels to open
Rapid efflux of K+ out of the cell

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2
Q

Action at a Synapse

A

Depolarisation occurs via the action potential
Ca2+ influx occurs into the presynaptic terminal
= release of neurotransmitter
Acts on the post-synaptic terminal

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3
Q

Which neurotransmitter transmits excitatory messages?

A

Glutamate

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4
Q

What are the post-synaptic receptors that glutamate acts on?

A

AMPA receptor
NMDA receptor
G-protein coupled channel

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5
Q

Ionotropic Excitatory Receptors

A

AMPA receptor

NMDA receptor

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6
Q

How do ionotropic channels work?

A

Form ion channels which allow the flow of K+, Na+ and Ca2+

Activate in response to glutamate binding

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7
Q

Which is quicker, ionotropic or metabotropic receptors?

A

Ionotropic

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8
Q

Which ions do AMPA receptors transmit?

What sort of transmission?

A

Na+ and K+

Fast excitatory transmission

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9
Q

Which ions do NMDA receptors transmit?

How is the channel activated?

A

Ca2+

Covered by a Mg2+ ion which is removed by positive current flow

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10
Q

How do NMDA receptors open?

A

Rely on potential from AMPA receptors

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11
Q

Metabotropic Excitatory Receptors

A

G-protein coupled receptors

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12
Q

How do G-protein coupled receptors work?

What sort of stimulus do they produce?

A

Glutamate binds to the extracellular region, produces a secondary messenger cascade
More prolonged stimulus

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13
Q

Which neurotransmitter transmits inhibitory messages?

A

GABA

Glycine

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14
Q

What are the post-synaptic receptors that GABA acts on?

A

GABA a

GABA b

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15
Q

What type of receptor is the GABA a receptor?

A

Ionotropic

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16
Q

What type of receptor is the GABA b receptor?

A

Metabotropic

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17
Q

How does GABA produce an inhibitory response?

A

Acts on GABAa and GABAb to induce hyperpolarisation in the post-synaptic membrane

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18
Q

Which ions do GABAa receptors transmit?

A

Selective conduction of Cl- into post-synaptic terminal

Produces inhibition

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19
Q

Which medications act on the GABAa receptor?

A

Benzodiazepines - maximise this receptor

Barbituates

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20
Q

How to GABAb receptors produce inhibition?

A

Activate K+ channels via G-protein coupled channels

Cause cell hyperpolarisation

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21
Q

What medications act on the GABAb receptor?

A

Baclofen - greater inhibition

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22
Q

Central Hearing Pathway

A 
CN VIII
Cochlear Nuclei 
Superior Olivary Nuclei 
Lateral Lemniscus 
Inferior Colliculus
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23
Q

What are the three types of cochlear nuclei?

A

Dorsal cochlear
Posteroventral cochlear
Anteroventral cochlear

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24
Q

What are the two different types of superior olivary nuclei?

A

Medial superior olivary nuclei

Lateral superior olivary nuclei

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25
Q

What is the function of the superior olivary nuclei?

A

Locating sound sources in space

26
Q

What is the function of the medial superior olivary nuceli?

A

Measures time difference in arrival of sounds between ears

27
Q

What is the function of the lateral superior olivary nuclei?

A

Measures difference in sound intensity between ears

28
Q

Describe the basic mechanism of hearing

A

Vibration of the cochlear is converted to movement of fluids in the cochlear
- Captured by hair cells
Converted into neural energy and perceived in auditory cortex

29
Q

Where is vibration captured in the cochlear?

A

Hair cells

30
Q

What are the three scala?

A

Scala vestibuli
Scala media
Scala tympani

31
Q

What splits the scala vestibuli and scala media?

A

Reissner’s membrane

32
Q

Which scala meets the round window?

A

Scala vestibuli

33
Q

Scala vestibuli meets what structure?

A

Round window

34
Q

What splits the scala media and scala tympani?

A

Basilar membrane

35
Q

Which scala meets the oval window?

A

Scala tympani

36
Q

Scala tympanic meets what structure?

A

Oval window

37
Q

What are the types of hair cells?

A

Inner

Outer

38
Q

Which hair cells are the source of afferent signals?

A

Inner hair cells

There are fewer

39
Q

Which hair cells are the source of efferent signals?

A

Outer hair cells

40
Q

Which nerves join together to make CN VIII?

A

Auditory nerve

Cochlear nerve

41
Q

Vibration of the tectorial membrane…

A

Deflects stereocilia
= opening of K+ and Ca2+ channels, causes +VE ions to move into the hair cell
- This causes depolarisation and release of glutamate to regulate the response

42
Q

Where are the stereocilia found?

A

Cupula

43
Q

Function of photoreceptors

A

Convert electromagnetic radiation to neural signals

At rest have a depolarised (+VE) membrane

44
Q

All trans retinal pathway

A 
Rhodopsin 
All-trans retinal 
ACTIVATES 
Transducin 
DECREASES 
cGMP closes CGMP gated Na channel
45
Q

What does all-trans retinal activate?

A

Transducin

46
Q

What happens in the dark?

A

cGMP opens sodium channel
Na+ ions enter the cell down the electrochemical gradient
This depolarises the cell
= greater release of glutamate

47
Q

Overall effect in the dark

A

There is tonic release of neurotransmitters onto neurons

48
Q

What happens in the presence of light?

A

cGMP gated Na+ channel closes
Cell becomes hyperpolarised
There is lesser release of glutamate
Amount of neurotransmitter decreases proportional to light

49
Q

Overall effect in the light

A

Decreased neurotransmitter release

50
Q

What is the receptor type for proprioceptors of skeletal muscle?

A

Aa

51
Q

What do Aa receptors carry out?

A

Proprioceptors of skeletal muscle

52
Q

What is the receptor type for mechanoreceptors of skin?

A

AB

53
Q

What do AB receptors carry out?

A

Mechanoreceptors of skin

54
Q

What is the receptor type for pain and temperature?

A

A-delta

55
Q

What do A-delta receptors carry out?

A

Pain

Temperature

56
Q

What type of sensory receptors are Merkel Cell Neurite Complexes?
What signals do they respond to?

A

Slow adapting SA1

Signals - sustained pressure, texture and edges

57
Q

What type of receptors are Meissner Corpuscles?

What signals do they respond to?

A

Fast adapting FA1

Signals - stroking, fluttering, low frequency vibration

58
Q

Which afferents are contained in the spinothalamic tract?

A

A-delta

C fibres

59
Q

What type of nociceptors are A-delta fibres?

A

Mechanical/termal nociceptors

60
Q

Where do A-delta and C fibres terminate?

A

Laminae I and II

Neurology (5 decks)

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