Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neurology > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

Tracts and Modalities Cranial Nerve Nuclei Areas of the Brain

1
Q

Function of Ascending Tracts

A

Carry sensory impulses from the periphery to the somatosensory cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the ascending tracts?

A

Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus

Spinothalamic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the dorsal column medial lemiscus made up of?

A

Fasciculus cuneatus

Fasciculus gracilis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where does the fasciculus cuneatus carry messages from?

A

Upper limb
Trunk
Neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where does the fasciculus gracilis carry messages from?

A

Lower limb

Lower trunk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What carries sensory information from the anterior head?

A

Trigeminal system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What fibres are carried in the dorsal column?

A

Conscious proprioception
Fine touch
Vibration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Conscious proprioception
Fine touch
Vibration
Which tract?

A

Dorsal column

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Conscious proprioception is carried in which tract?

A

Dorsal column

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Vibration is carried in which tract?

A

Dorsal column

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Fine touch sensation is carried in which tract?

A

Dorsal column

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

When do the fibres of the dorsal column cross over?

A

In the medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe 3 neurone pathway of the dorsal column

A

1st neurone body - dorsal root ganglion
Enters the spinal cord, fibres travel up ipsilateral side
2nd neurone body - found in gracile or cuneate nucleus
Fibres cross in medulla travel in medial lemniscus to thalamus
3rd neurone body - found in the VPL nucleus of thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What do the dorsal column fibres travel in from the medulla to the thalamus?

A

Medial lemniscus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where is the 3rd order neurone body of the dorsal tract located in the thalamus?

A

Ventral nuclei

- Specifically venteroposterior nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What fibres are carried in the spinothalamic tract?

A

Pain
Temperature
Deep Pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Pain
Temperature
Deep Pressure
Which tract?

A

Spinothalamic tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Pain sensation is carried in which tract?

A

Spinothalamic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Temperature sensation is carried in which tract?

A

Spinothalamic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Deep pressure sensation is carried in which tract?

A

Spinothalamic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe 3 neurone pathway of spinothalamic tract

A

1st order - found in dorsal root ganglion
2nd order - found in dorsal horn of the spinal cord
Enter the spinal cord where the fibres decussate
Then travel up the contralateral side
3rd order - found in the thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which sensory fibres travel up the ipsilateral side?

A

Dorsal column fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which sensory fibres travel up the contralateral side?

A

Spinothalamic fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the pyramidal tracts?

A

Corticospinal tracts

Rubrospinal tracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What controls the action of the pyramidal tracts?

A

Cerebral cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the descending tracts?

A 
Corticospinal
Rubrospinal 
Tectospinal
Reticulospinal 
Vestibulospinal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the corticospinal tract made up of?

A

Lateral tract - most

Anterior tract - fewer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the modality carried by the corticospinal tract?

A

Fine precise movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the differences between the two parts of the corticospinal tract?

A

Lateral - formed from fibres which have decussated in medulla
Anterior - formed from fibres which decussate later

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Fine precise movements

Which tract?

A

Corticospinal tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Upper motor neurone course of corticospinal tract

A

Cell bodies in the motor cortex
Lateral and anterior tracts descend though the internal capsule
Travel through midbrain and pons
In the medulla, lateral and anterior tracts split
- Lateral = decussate
- Anterior = continue on ipsilateral side
Terminate in ventral horn
Synapse onto LMN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Ventral horn of the spinal cord

A

Anterior - motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Pre-central gyrus

A

Motor centre

Posterior frontal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Post-central gyrus

A

Sensory centre

Lateral parietal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the modality carried by he rubrospinal tract?

A

Has control over limb flexor muscles

Excites the LMN supplying these muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Control over limb flexor muscles via LMN

Which tract?

A

Rubrospinal tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Upper Motor Neurone Course of Rubrospinal Tract

A

Cell bodies in the red nucleus
Receives input from the motor cortex and cerebellum
Axons decussate in the midbrain at ventral tegmental decussation
Descend in the contralateral side
Terminate in the ventral horn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

In which nuclei are the cell bodies of the rubrospinal tract found?

A

Red nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Where do the fibres of the rubrospinal tract decussate?

A

Ventral tegmental segment of the midbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Where is the rubrospinal tract found relative to the lateral corticospinal tract?

A

Ventrolateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are the extrapyramidal tracts?

A

Tectospinal tract
Reticulospinal tract
Vestibulospinal tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Where do the extrapyramidal tracts originate from?

A

Brainstem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What modalities are carried by the tectospinal tract?

A

Mediates head and neck reflex in response to visual stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Mediates head and neck reflex in response to visual stimuli

Which tract?

A

Tectospinal tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Course of Upper Motor Neurone of Tectospinal Tract

A

Cell bodies in the superior colliculus of the midbrain
Also receives direct input from retina and visual cortex
Axons decussate quickly in the midbrain at the dorsal tegmental decussation
Terminate in the spinal column at the cervical level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

In which nuclei do the fibres of the tectospinal tract originate in?

A

Superior colliculus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Where do the axons of the tectospinal tract decussate?

A

Dorsal tegmental section of the midbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Where do the axons of the tectospinal tract terminate?

A

Cervical level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What is the reticulospinal tract made up of?

A

Medial and lateral reticulospinal tracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What modalities are carried by the medial reticulospinal tract?

A

Facilitates voluntary movements

Increases muscle tone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What modalities are carried by the lateral reticulospinal tract?

A

Inhibits voluntary movements

Reduces muscle tone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Facilitates voluntary movements
Increases muscle tone
Which tract?

A

Medial reticulospinal tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Inhibits voluntary movements
Reduces muscle tone
Which tract?

A

Lateral reticulospinal tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Upper Motor Neurone Course of Medial Reticulospinal Tract

A

Cell bodies in the pontine reticular formation

Axons descend on the ipsilateral side and decussate at spinal level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Upper Motor Neurone Course of Lateral Reticulospinal Tract

A

Cell bodies in medullary reticular formation

Axons descend bilaterally and decussate at the spinal level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

In which nuclei do the fibres of the medial reticulospinal tract originate?

A

Pontine reticular formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

In which nuclei do the fibres of the lateral reticulospinal tract originate?

A

Medullary reticular formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What modalities does the vestibulospinal tract carry?

A

Innervate the anti-gravity muscles which control posture and balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Innervate anti-gravity muscles
Control posture and balance
Which tract?

A

Vestibulospinal tract

60
Q

What does the vestibulospinal tract contain?

A

Lateral nucleus fibres

Medial nucleus fibres

61
Q

Upper Motor Neurone Course of Vestibulospinal Tract

A

Cell bodies found in the medial and lateral vestibular nuclei in pons
Lateral = descend ipsilaterally to lumbar spinal cord
Medial = descend ipsilaterally to cervical spinal cord

62
Q

What do the medial and lateral vestibular nuclei receive input from?

A

Vestibular labyrinths

63
Q

Blood supply of the posterior column of the spinal cord

A

Radicular arteries

64
Q

Blood supply of the anterior column of the spinal cord

A

1 anterior artery

2 posterior arteries

65
Q

Blood supply of the lateral columns of the spinal cord

A

Segmental arteries

66
Q

Which grey matter layer do the afferent signals act on?

A

Granule cell layer

67
Q

Which grey matter layer do efferent fibres come from?

A

Purkinje cell layer

68
Q

What is the function of the vermis of the cerebellum?

A

Postural control

69
Q

What is the function of the spinocerebellum?

A

Regulates body and limb movements

70
Q

Postural control

Which part of the cerebellum?

A

Vermis of cerebellum

71
Q

Regulates body and limb movements

Which part of the cerebellum?

A

Spinocerebellum

72
Q

Where does the spinocerebellum recieve input from?

A

Dorsal column
Trigeminal nerve
Visual and auditory systems

73
Q

What is the function of the vestibulocerebellum?

A

Regulates balance and eye movements

74
Q

Regulates balance and eye movements

Which part of the cerebellum?

A

Vestibulocerebellum

75
Q

Where does the vestibulocerebellum receive input from?

A

Vestibular and visual input

76
Q

What is the function of the cerebrocerebellum?

A

Planning movement and evaluating sensory information for action

77
Q

Where does the cerebrocerebellum receive input from?

A

Cerebral cortex

78
Q

Planning movement and evaluating sensory information for action
Which part of the cerebellum?

A

Cerebrocerebellum

79
Q

Substantia nigra
Where found?
Function?

A

Midbrain, grey matter

Produces dopamine, significant in maintaining balance

80
Q

What is the substantia nigra made up of?

A 
Pars compacta (SNc)
Pars reticulata (SNr)
81
Q

Where does Parkinson’s disease act?

A

Pars compacta of substantia nigra

82
Q

Pars compacta of substantia nigra

What disease acts here?

A

Parkinson’s disease

83
Q

Dorsal striatum is made up of…

A

Caudate nucleus

Putamen

84
Q

Lenticular nucelus is made up of…

A

Globus pallidus

Putamen

85
Q

Corpus striatum is made up of…

A

Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus pallidus

86
Q

Function of caudate nucleus

A

Associate with motor functions, procedural learning and reward behaviour

87
Q

Which nucleus does the putamen nucleus work with?

A

Caudate nucleus

88
Q

What is the effect of the putamen?

A

GABAergic neurons have inhibitory effects

89
Q

What is the globus pallidus made up of?

A

Medial GPi and Lateral GPe components

90
Q

What is the effect of the globus pallidus?

A

GABAergic neurons have inhibitory effects

91
Q

Lateral globus pallidus
Input?
Output?

A

Input - striatum

Output - subthalamic nucleus

92
Q

Subthalamic Nucleus

Function?

A

Part of the indirect pathway

Produces glutamate

93
Q

What is found between the caudate and putamen nuclei?

A

Internal capsule

94
Q

Direct Pathway

A

Activation of putamen and caudate
= inhibits medial globus pallidus-pars reticulata system
= blocks inhibition of thalamus
Result: greater activation of thalamus

95
Q

Indirect Pathway

A

Activation of putamen and caudate
= inhibits lateral globus pallidus
= blocks inhibition of subthalamic nucleus
Allows greater activation of subthalamic nucleus
= activation of medial-globus pallidus-pars reticulata system
= inhibition of thalamus
Result: reduced output of thalamus

96
Q

Medial globus pallidus-pars reticulata system

Function?

A

Inhibit the thalamus via GABA

97
Q

Overview of the pathway of hearing

A 
CN VIII
Cochlear nucleus 
Olivary complex 
Lateral lemniscus 
Inferior colliculus
98
Q

Where does the pathway of hearing end?

A

Superficial temporal gyrus

99
Q

Where is Broca’s area?

A

Left frontal lobe

100
Q

How would Broca’s aphasia present?

A

Problems linked to speech production

Don’t usually have issues with comprehending language

101
Q

Where is Wernicke’s area?

A

Near lateral cerebral sulcus

102
Q

How would Wernicke’s aphasia present?

A

Difficulty in understanding/comprehending language

103
Q

Layers of the Retina

A 
Axons 
Ganglia 
(Other layers) 
Rods and Cones 
Choroid
104
Q

Where is the primary auditory cortex found?

A

Temporal lobe

105
Q

What is found in the primary auditory cortex?

A

Superficial temporal gyrus

106
Q

How is sound processed in the primary auditory cortex?

A

Low pitch - anterolateral

High pitch - posteromedial

107
Q

Medial geniculate nucleus associated with…

A

Auditory cortex

108
Q

Lateral geniculate nucleus associated with…

A

Visual cortex

109
Q

Where is the primary visual cortex?

A

Occipital lobe

110
Q

Which artery supplies blood to the primary visual cortex?

A

Posterior cerebral artery

111
Q

What is located adjacent to the primary visual cortex?

A

Visual association cortex

112
Q

How are visual signals processed in the primary visual cortex?

A

Lower field = superior region
Upper field = inferior region
Split by calcarine sulcus

113
Q

Which area of the primary visual cortex is dedicated to vision from the macula?

A

Posterior pole of the cortex

114
Q

Cranial Nuclei of CN I

A

Olfactory Bulb

115
Q

Olfactory Bulb

Which cranial nerve?

A

CN I

116
Q

Cranial Nuclei of CN II

A

Lateral geniculate nucleus

117
Q

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

Which cranial nerve?

A

CN II

118
Q

Cranial Nuclei of CN III

A

Edinger-Westphal Nucleus

Oculomotor Nucleus

119
Q

Edinger-Westphal Nucleus

Which cranial nerve?

A

CN III

120
Q

Oculomotor Nucleus

Which cranial nerve?

A

CN III

121
Q

Cranial Nuclei of CN IV

A

Trochlear Nucleus

122
Q

Trochlear Nucleus

Which cranial nerve?

A

CN IV

123
Q

What is special about the fibres of the trochlear nucleus

A

They exit dorsally

124
Q

Which nucleus supplies the iris sphincter and ciliary muscle?

A

Edinger-Westphal Nucleus

125
Q

Cranial Nuclei of CN V

A

Mesencephalic Nucleus
Principal Sensory Nucleus
Spinal Trigemnial Nucleus
Trigeminal Motor Nucleus

126
Q

Mesencephalic Nucleus

Which cranial nerve?

A

CN V

127
Q

Principal Sensory Nucleus

Which cranial nerve?

A

CN V

128
Q

Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus

Which cranial nerves?

A

CN V
CN IX
CN X

129
Q

Trigeminal Motor Nucleus

Which cranial nerve?

A

CN V

130
Q

Cranial Nuclei of CN VI

A

Abducens nucleus

131
Q

Abducens nucleus

Which cranial nerve?

A

CN VI

132
Q

Cranial Nuclei of CN VII

A

Facial Motor Nucleus
Salivatory Nuclei
Solitary Nucleus

133
Q

Facial Motor Nucleus

Which cranial nerve?

A

CN VII

134
Q

Salivatory Nuclei

Which cranial nerves?

A

CN VII -Superior

CN IX - Inferior

135
Q

Solitary Nuclei

Which cranial nerves?

A

CN VII
CN IX
CN X

136
Q

Salivatory Nuclei

What are the divisions?

A

Inferior - CN IX

Superior - CN VII

137
Q

Cranial Nuclei CN VIII

A

Vestibular Nuclei

Cochlear Nuclei

138
Q

Cranial Nuclei CN IX

A

Solitary Nucleus
Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus
Nucleus Ambiguus
Inferior Salivatory Nucleus

139
Q

Nucleus Ambiguus

Which cranial nerves?

A

CN IX
CN X
CN XI

140
Q

Inferior Salivatory Nucleus

Which cranial nerve?

A

CN IX

141
Q

Cranial Nuclei of CN X

A

Solitary nucleus
Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve
Nucleus Ambiguus
Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus

142
Q

Dorsal nucleus of Vagus nerve

Which cranial nerve?

A

CN X

143
Q

Cranial Nuclei of CN XI

A

Spinal Accessory Nucleus

Nucleus Ambiguus

144
Q

Spinal Accessory Nucleus

Which cranial nerve?

A

CN XI

145
Q

Cranial Nuclei of CN XII

A

Hypoglossal Nucleus

Neurology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions