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Cardiovascular > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Describe diastole

A

when heart ventricles relax and fill with blood

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2
Q

Describe systole

A

When ventricles contract and pump blood into aorta/pulmonary artery

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3
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The volume of blood ejected by by each ventricle per heart beat

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4
Q

70-105 mmHg is the average range for what?

A

Mean arterial blood pressure

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5
Q

Hypertensive is considered as what?

A

Blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg or higher/ daytime average of 135/85 mmHg or higher

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6
Q

How would you describe the flow of normal blood?

A

Laminar

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7
Q

How would you describe blood flow after an external pressure exceeding systolic BP is applied?

A

Non-existent

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8
Q

When would you hear turbulent blood flow?

A

When the blood pressure is in between systolic and diastolic

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9
Q

Which Korotkoff sound represents systolic BP

A

1

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10
Q

Which Korotkoff sound represents diastolic BP

A

5

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11
Q

How would you calculate the pressure gradient of blood?

A

MAP - CVP (central venous pressure- aka RA)

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12
Q

How would you calculate MAP?

A

Diastoloc BP + 1/3 pulse pressure

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13
Q

What does MAP relate to?

A

CO (SV x HR) x SVR

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14
Q

What would happen to autonomic activity from baroreceptor reflex if BP was decreased?

A

decreased parasympathetic activity

increased sympathetic activity

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15
Q

what would happen to autonomic activity from baroreceptor reflex if BP was increased?

A

increased parasympathetic activity

decreased sympathetic activity

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16
Q

What happens when the heart is sympathetically stimulated?

A

Increased heart rate & increased contractile strength of heart (leading to increased SV)
This causes increased cardiac output
leading to increased MAP

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17
Q

What happens when the veins are sympathetically stimulated?

A

increased vasoconstriction which increased venous return
thus increasing SV which causes a rise in cardiac output
causing a rise in MAP

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18
Q

What happens when the arterioles are sympathetically stimulated?

A

increased vasoconstriction
leading to increased SVR (systemic vascular resistance)
this causes an increase in MAP

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19
Q

What happens when the heart is parasympathetically stimulated?

A

decrease in heart rate
causing a decline in cardiac output
decrease in MAP

20
Q

What is autorhythmicity?

A

Heart’s ability to beat rhythmically in absence of external stimuli

21
Q

A heart controlled by the SA node produces which rhythm?

A

Sinus rhythm

22
Q

What does spontaneous pacemaker potential mean?

A

membrane potential is taken to a threshold to generate action potential in SA node cells

23
Q

In a 70kg young man how much is composed of exracellular fluid?

24
Q

What makes up extracellular fluid?

A

Plasma volume x interstitial fluid volume

25
Q

What are the main factors that influence Extracellular fluid volume?

A

Excess/deficit of water and Na+

i.e. salt/water balance

26
Q

What are the main hormone systems that regulate salt/water balance?

A 
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone-System
Natriuretic peptides
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
27
Q

Which salt/water regulating hormones increase plasma volume?

A

RAAS

Antidiuretic hormone

28
Q

Which salt/water regulating hormones decrease plasma volume?

A

Natriuretic peptides

29
Q

what are the three components of RAAS?

A
  1. Renin stimulates angiotensin I formation in blood from angiotensinogen
  2. Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme)
  3. Angiotensin II stimilates aldosterone release and causes systemic vasoconstriction- lease to thirst and ADH release- leads to increased plasma volume
30
Q

Where is renin produced?

A

kidneys- Juxtaglomerular Aparatus

31
Q

where is angiotensinogen produced?

32
Q

where is angiotensin converting enzyme produced?

A

vasculo-pulmonary endothelium

33
Q

where is aldosterone released from?

A

adrenal complex

34
Q

What is the limiting step in RAAS?

A

renal secretion of renin

35
Q

what factors cause the limiting step in RAAS?

A
  1. Renal artery hypotension
  2. Stimulation of sympathetics
  3. Decreased Na+ in renal tubular fluid
36
Q

When would natruiIetic peptides be released?

A

cardiac distension

neurohormonal stimuli

37
Q

What is the action of natriuretic peptides?

A

reduce blood volume and pressure due to excretion of Na+ and H2O in kidneys
decreased renin release- decreased BP as renin is rate determining step
vasodilator action- decreased SVR and BP

38
Q

what is the counter-regulatory system for RAAS?

A

Natriuretic peptides

39
Q

What are the two natriuretic peptides produced by the heart?

A
  1. atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

2. Brain type natriuretic peptide (BNP)

40
Q

What is an important clinical use of BNP?

A

it is measured in patients with suspected heart failure and is useful in giving a prognosis

41
Q

Where are Antidiuretic hormones produced?

A

hypothalamus of the brain

stored in the POSTERIOR PITUITARY

42
Q

what stimulates secretion of ADH?

A
  1. reduced EFV (extracellular fluid volume)

2. increased plasma osmolarity (MOST COMMON)

43
Q

What happens to the concentration of ADH when plasma osmolarity increases?

A

increased ADH

44
Q

What is the ADH action on kidney tubles?

A

Increases water reabsorbtion
increases EV and plasma volume
increases CO and MAP

45
Q

What are the stages of the cardiac cycle?

A
  1. passive filling
  2. atrial contraction
  3. isovolumetric ventricular contraction
  4. ventricular ejection
  5. isovolumetric contraction

Cardiovascular (8 decks)

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