Pharmacology

Question 1

Which group of cardiovascular drugs also provides sympathetic relief in benign prostatic hyperplasia?

Answer 1

alpha 1 adrenoreceptor antagonists

Question 2

Which calcium channel is associated with heart rate and force?

Answer 2

L-Type

Question 3

An upstroke in action potential indicates which type of channel is open?

Answer 3

Voltage activated calcium channel

Question 4

A downstroke in action potential indicates which type of channel is open?

Answer 4

Voltage activated potassium channel

Question 5

What does a steeper slope of pacemaker potential indicate?

Answer 5

tachycardia- a faster heart rate

Question 6

What does If stand for?

Answer 6

Funny current

Question 7

what does Icat stand for?

Answer 7

transient calcium current

Question 8

what does Ibc stand for?

Answer 8

background sodium content

Question 9

what does Ical stand for?

Answer 9

long calcium current

Question 10

what does Ik stand for?

Answer 10

delayed rectifier potassium current

Question 11

which current is the most pharmacologically significant?

Answer 11

funny current

Question 12

what is depolarisation?

Answer 12

movement of a membrane potential in a positive direction

Question 13

which phase of membrane potential is the plateu phase?

Answer 13

2

Question 14

What are the two main Organic nitrates used in treating all angina types?

Answer 14

Gyceryltrinitrate

Isosorbide Mononitrate

Question 15

what does co-administering ISMN with a beta blocker prevent?

Answer 15

Reflex tachycardia

Question 16

why should an 8 hour ‘nitrate low’ period be implemented

Answer 16

to prevent tolerance forming

Question 17

What are the main functions of lipids?

Answer 17

Membrane biogenesis and membrane integrity
Energy sources
Precursors for hormones and signalling molecules

Question 18

How are lipids transported in the blood?

Answer 18

within lipoproteins

Question 19

What ratio of lipoproteins is associated with atherosclerosis?

Answer 19

Increased LDL

Decreased HDL

Question 20

What are the causes of lipidemia?

Answer 20

Diet and lifestyle

Genetics (familial hypercholesterolaemia)

Question 21

What makes up a lipoprotein?

Answer 21

Hydrophobic core- trigycerides, esterified cholesterol

Hydrophilic coat- amphipathic cholesterol, phospholipids, apoproteins

Question 22

Which apoprotein is associated with the liver?

Answer 22

ApoB-100

Question 23

Which apoprotein is associated with the intestine?

Answer 23

ApoB-48

Question 24

What is the role of statins?

Answer 24

They block the synthesis of cholesterol in liver cells- reducing LDL cells in plasma

Question 25

Which lipoprotein is associated with atherosclerosis?

Answer 25

Low density lipoprotein, It's oxidized form is what macrophages engulf to become cholesterol-loaded foam cells- which make up fatty streaks

Question 26

Which lipoprotein is associated with reverse cholesterol transport?

Answer 26

High density protein - more specifically mature HDL that will collect excess cholesterol from plasma membranes and deliver it to the liver

Question 27

How do statins reduce LDL in the blood?

Answer 27

blocks cholesterol allowing LDL to be taken out of the blood (reducing LDL in blood)

Question 28

Aside from lowering LDL levels, what are benefits of statins?

Answer 28

Decrease vascular resistance Reverse endothelial dysfunction Decrease thrombosis Stabilize atherosclerotic plaques

Question 29

When is it best to administer statins?

Answer 29

at night

Question 30

what are some adverse effects of statins?

Answer 30

Don't particularly work with patients who have familial hypercholesterolaemia Myositosis Rhabdomyolsis (increased with fibrate use)

Question 31

What do fibrates do?

Answer 31

they're lipid lowering drugs

Question 32

What are benefits of fibrates?

Answer 32

Antagonise nuclear receptors which enhance the transcription of genes (including those) that encode LDL

Question 33

what are adverse effects of fibrates?

Answer 33

myositosis | avoid use in alcoholics