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Phase 1 - S3 Gastrointestinal System > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 nervous systems control the gut

A

Sympathetic, parasympathetic and enteric

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2
Q

What are the 2 plexuses in the enteric nervous system

A

Myenteric and submucosal

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3
Q

Where is the gut wall is the submucosal plexus found

A

Between the muscular layer and mucosa

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4
Q

Where in the gut wall is the myenteric plexus found

A

Between the 2 muscle layers

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5
Q

Which 3 nerves coming from the sympathetic nervous system control the gut

A

Greater, lesser and least splanchnic nerves

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6
Q

True or false: the sympathetic nervous system shuts off blood supply to the lungs

A

True - shutting off GI functions

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7
Q

What nerves from the parasympathetic nervous system control the GI

A

Vagus nerve and pelvic splanchnic nerve

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8
Q

True or false: the parasympathetic nervous system shuts off blood supply to the GI

A

False - it increases blood supply

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9
Q

What hormones are produced in the GI tract

A

Gastrin, CCK, secretin, GIP

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10
Q

What does gastrin do

A

Causes gastric acids secretion

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11
Q

What cells produce gastrin

A

G CELLS

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12
Q

What does CCK do

A

Stimulates secretions from pancreas and gallbladder

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13
Q

Where is CCK secreted

A

Duodenum and jejunum

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14
Q

What does secretin do

A

Causes an increase in bicarbonate production

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15
Q

What does GIP stand for

A

Gastrin inhibitory polypeptide

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16
Q

What is peristalsis

A

Muscular contractions to propel the bolus of food

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17
Q

True or false: the muscle behind the bolus relax during peristalsis

A

False - they contract, the muscles in front relax

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18
Q

What is segmentation

A

Contraction of the smooth muscle to split up the bolus

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19
Q

Why does segmentation occur

A

To increase the SA of the food and the epithelium

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20
Q

Which NS (sympathetic or parasympathetic) increases motility of the GI tract

A

Parasympathetic

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21
Q

Why do you get central abdominal pain first in appendicitis

A

The appendix inflames and irritates the visceral membrane which hasn’t got its only nerve supply. The region covering the appendix is supplied by the lesser splanchic nerve which comes from T10. Therefore, the body presumes the pain is coming from the T10 dermatome which covers the umbilicus giving pain in this area

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22
Q

Why do you get lower right abdominal pain following central pain in appendicitis

A

The appendix inflames so much that it now touches the parietal membrane which has different mesoderm derivative from visceral so gives localised pain

23
Q

What structures give back pain

A

Retroperitoneal structures are they irritate nerve plexuses in the back

24
Q

what are the 4 layers of the gut

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscle layer
serosa

25
Q

what are the 3 layers in the mucosa

A

epithelia
lamina properia
muscularis externa

26
Q

what type of epithelia lines the GI tract

A

simple squamous in the oesophagus and rectum

simple columnar everywhere else

27
Q

what is found in the lamina properia

A

lymphoid tissue

28
Q

what is found in the submucosa

A

lymphoid tisse, glands, submucosal plexus, blood vessels, dense CT

29
Q

how many muscle layers are there in the external muscle layer

A

2 (circular and longitudinal)

however, there is a 3rd oblique layer in the stomach

30
Q

irritation of the visceral peritoneum from structures arising from the foregut gives pain where

A

epigastric region

31
Q

irritation of the visceral peritoneum from structures arising from the midgut gives pain where

A

periumbilical region

32
Q

irritation of the visceral peritoneum from structures arising from the hindgut gives pain where

A

suprapubic region

33
Q

which sphincter is the only one under voluntary control

A

external anal

34
Q

what are enterocytes

A

the epithelia lining the GI tract - they allow for absorption

35
Q

what are goblet cells

A

mucus producing cells

36
Q

what is the difference between goblet cells and gastric mucous cells

A

gastric mucus cells are found in the stomach and produce a more bicarbonate rich mucus

37
Q

what are the permeant folds in the intestines called

A

pliace circulares

38
Q

what are the temporary folds in the stomach called

A

folds of rugae

39
Q

what do the folds of rugae allow

A

expansion the stomach to hold food, without increasing in pressure

40
Q

what are paneth cells

A

cells found in crypts which secrete antibacterial proteins to protect stem cells

41
Q

why are there stem cells found in crypts

A

to allow regeneration of the epithelia due to the acidic environment

42
Q

what is the rectus sheath

A

the sheet of tendons from the muscles external oblique, internal oblique and transverse abdominis. this sheet envelops the rectus abdominis muscle

43
Q

what is the arcuate line

A

where there is a change in the rectus sheath as all the muscle tendons now pass over rectus abdominis covering it anteriorly only, instead of both anteriorly and posteriorly

44
Q

where is the arcuate line found

A

half way between the umbilicus and pubic symphysis

45
Q

what are peritoneal ligaments

A

double folding of peritoneum that links 2 organs together or links the abdominal wall to a organ

46
Q

what does the gastrocolic ligament connect

A

stomach and transverse colon

47
Q

what does the gastrosplenic ligament connect

A

stomach to the spleen

48
Q

what does the falciform ligament connect

A

liver to abdominal wall

49
Q

what does the triangular ligament connect

A

liver to diaphragm

50
Q

what is the arterial blood supply to the GI

A

coeliac trunk for the foregut
superior mesenteric artery for the midgut
inferior mesenteric artery for the hingut

51
Q

what is the venous drainage of the GI

A

all veins from the GI tract enter the liver via the portal vein, where it is then drained into the hepatic vein into the IVC

52
Q

what structures are a part of the foregut

A

oesophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, gall bladder, duodenum

53
Q

what structures are a part of the midgut

A

jejunum, ileum, caecum, ascending colon, proximal ⅔ transverse colon

54
Q

what structures are a part of the hindgut

A

distal ⅓ transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, upper anal canal

Phase 1 - S3 Gastrointestinal System (12 decks)

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