Pancreas and Liver

Question 1

how is chyme rendered isotonic

Answer 1

water is drawn into the hypertonic lumen of the duodenum

Question 2

why is chyme not diluted in the stomach

Answer 2

the stomach is impermeable to water

Question 3

what 2 hormones does the duodenum release

Answer 3

CCK and secretin

Question 4

what does CCK do

Answer 4

gallbladder contraction
relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi
production of pancreatic enzymes

Question 5

what cells in the pancreas produce the pancreatic enzymes

Answer 5

acini cells

Question 6

what does secretin do

Answer 6

cause the production of aqueous bicarbonate

Question 7

what cells in the pancreas respond to secretin

Answer 7

duct cells

Question 8

which nervous system stimulate pancreatic secretion

Answer 8

parasympathetic NS

Question 9

what enzymes are produced by the pancreas

Answer 9

amylase, lipase, inactive proteases

Question 10

why are the proteases produced by the pancreas inactive

Answer 10

so that they don’t cause self digestion

Question 11

what is the name of the duct when the common bile duct and pancreatic duct join

Answer 11

ampulla of Vater

Question 12

what happens in pancreatitis

Answer 12

there is a blockage of the pancreatic duct, so pancreatic secretions are remaining the the pancreas - this causes the proteases to then start digesting the pancreas itself

Question 13

what may cause pancreatitis

Answer 13

gall stones

Question 14

what is bile made up of

Answer 14

bile acids, bile pigments and alkaline solutions

Question 15

what is the role of bile

Answer 15

to emulsify fats into smaller droplets os that it is easier for lipases to digest them

Question 16

what are bile salts

Answer 16

conjugation of 2 bile acids

Question 17

why must bile acids conjugate

Answer 17

as they can’t emulsify fats on their own well but they can as bile salts

Question 18

what produce bile acids

Answer 18

hepatocytes secrete them into the canaliculi

Question 19

what stimulates the production of the alkaline fluid in bile

Answer 19

secretin

Question 20

what is steatorrhoea

Answer 20

where there is lipids being lost in the faeces

Question 21

what causes steatorrhoea (2)

Answer 21

less pancreatic lipase secretion

less bile acid production

Question 22

what happens to digested lipids

Answer 22

they are surrounded by bile salts to form micelles - these are taken to the enterocytes where they diffuse into the cell
in the cells they are rebuilt back up and packaged with apoproteins to form chylomicrons which are transported in the lymphatics

Question 23

what happens to the bile salts from the micelle once the lipids inside have diffused out

Answer 23

they are reabsorbed in the terminal ilium and delivered back to the liver via the portal vein

Question 24

in ischaemia what zone of the liver lobule is mostly affected

Answer 24

zone 3 - as this is further away from the portal triad so last to receive blood

Question 25

which zone of the liver lobule is most likely to be affected by toxic substances

Answer 25

zone 1 -as this is closest to receive the toxic substances from the portal triad

Question 26

what structures are found in the portal triad

Answer 26

portal vein, hepatic artery and bile duct