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Reproductive > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

HCG physiology?

A

Glycoprotein
Produced by syncytiotrophoblasts
Detected in maternal serum by 7 days post conception

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2
Q

Morning sickness caused by?

A

HCG

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3
Q

Main estrogen of pregnancy?

A

Estriol

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4
Q

High estrogen to progesterone ratio causes?

A

Partition

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5
Q

Human placental lactogen is similar in structure to?

A

GH and PRL

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6
Q

How human placental lactogen is a diabetogenic hormone?

A

It causes hyperinsulinemic response to glucose load

So insulin resistance is seen in pregnancy

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7
Q

Shift of maternal energy from ?

A

Anabolic to catabolic state leading to accelerated starvation

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8
Q

Energy metabolism shifts toward?

A

Fat utilisation (lipolysis)with glucose sparing

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9
Q

Why androgens are increased in pregnancy?

A

Because testosterone bonds to SHBG and free testosterone gets lower

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10
Q

Why DHEA hormones decreases in pregnancy?

A

Do not bind to SHBG

Used by placenta to conver to estrogens

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11
Q

Why cortisol increases ?

A

Due to estrogen causing increase in CBG( corticosteroids binding globulins)/transcortin

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12
Q

What cause abdominal striae and contribute to insulin resistance ?

A

High cortisol

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13
Q

What stimulates liver angiotensinogen production?

A

Estrogen

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14
Q

What stimulates renin ?

A

Estrogen and progesterone

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15
Q

Although high aldosterone no hypokalamia or hyponatremia in pregnancy?

A

Antagonistic actions of progesterone in kidney!

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16
Q

Why does DOC increases is it from adrenals?

A

No it’s because of the placental progesterone conversion to DOC

17
Q

What causes volume expansion?

A

Aldosterone and DoC

18
Q

What stimulates the thyroid gland is it TSH ??

A

No it’s the HCG!!

19
Q

What causes iodine deficiency?

A

Increased renal clearance of iodide

20
Q

What stimulates TBG?

A

HCG and estrogens

21
Q

Why extra blood flow is needed?

A

Increased perfusion to other organs( like kidney)
Extra blood flow to the uterus
Extra metabolic needs of the fetus
Extra volume compensates for blood loss in pregnancy

22
Q

What stimulates erythropoiesis

A

Prolactin
Human placental lactogen
Progesterone

23
Q

High blood volume is much more than increase erythropoiesis leading to ?

A

Drop of hematocrit causing physiological anemia

24
Q

How is the clotting and lysing activity equilibrated?

A

Increase in fibrinogen and increase in plasminogen

25
Q

Total peripheral resistance decrease due to ?

A

Progesterone and
Increased diversion of blood from artery to venous system
Decreased vascular response to angiotensin II

26
Q

Why voice changes and breathing through the nose is difficult ?

A

Capillary dilatation by progesterone occur in larynx and nasopharynx

27
Q

What is progesterone effect on respiratory?

A

Lowers the set point of regulation by Co2 leading to increase in minute volume and tidal volume

28
Q

The progesterone induced hyperventilating causes a mild?

A

Compensatory respiratory alkalosis with a decrease in pCo2

29
Q

How is significant respiratory alkalosis prevented?

A

Decrease in Hco3

30
Q

How does vital capacity remains the same while TLC decreases?

A

Because Tidal volume increases

31
Q

What causes increase stomach volume and decrease stomach PH?

A

Increase of gastrin

32
Q

Decrease in gastric and intestinal motility caused by?

A

Decrease motilin

33
Q

What causes heartburn?

A

Decrease in gastric emptying
Increased intraabdominal pressure
Decrease lower esophageal sprinter tone by progesterone

34
Q

What causes glucosuria and aminoaciduria?

A

Increase GFR

35
Q

What predispose pregnant to UTI ?

A

Glucosuria

Reproductive (6 decks)

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