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Reproductive > Obs and Gyne > Flashcards

Obs and Gyne Flashcards

1
Q

What is the source of phospholipids in breastfed babies?

A

Membrane fragments

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2
Q

Mention folic acid antagonists and their effects

A 
Trimethoprim and triamterene
Neural tube defects 
Cardiovascular defects
Oral clefts
Urinary tract defects
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3
Q

Mention complications of oral isoretinoin?

A

Hydrocephalus + cerebellar abnormalities + cns malformations+neuronal brain migration+severe intellectual disability + seizures+
Microtia with or without atresia of ear canal
Dysmorphic features

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4
Q

Phenytoin causes ??

A

Dysmorphic features
Nail hypoplasia
Heart defects

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5
Q

Ebstein anomaly caused by?

A

Lithium

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6
Q

Cmv rubella and toxo all cause?

A

Microcephaly and Intellectual disability

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7
Q

Misoprostol causes

A

Fetal death and vascular disruption (terminal transverse limb defects)

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8
Q

How to stage puberty in girls

A

Breast rather than publc hair

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9
Q

Stage puberty in males ?

A

Penile length and testicular volume by palpating

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10
Q

McCune Albright syndrome is؟

A

Polypstoic fibrous dysplasia
Cafe au lait spots
Precocious puberty

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11
Q

Mention inhibitory peptides

A 
Progesterone 
Relaxin
Calcitonin gene related peptide
Parathyroid hormone related peptide
Nitric oxide 
Adrenomedullin 
Vasoactive intestinal peptide
Prostacyclin (PGI-2)
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12
Q

Phase one of labour characteristic by?

A

When term approaches- uterotropins like estrogen activate uterus
Increased of Contraction-associate- protein like
Oxytocin and prostaglandins
Activating ion channels
Increase in connexin 43(gap junction) = electrical synchrony

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13
Q

Stimulatory phase is by

A

Uterotonic agonists like

Prostaglandins F2 alpha and E2 and oxytocin

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14
Q

Involution of uterus mediated primarily by?

A

Oxytocin

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15
Q

Why humans for sure differ than sheeps in initiating labour?

A

Because human placenta lacks glocucorticoid inducible 17 alpha hydroxylase 17, 20 lyase enzyme essential for the process

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16
Q

Why does availability of free intracellular calcium is a key modulator of myometrial contractility?

A

Because phosphorylation of myosin light chain by kinase depends on calcium/calmodulin enzyme

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17
Q

Activation of beta adrenergic / pgE2 receptors is via

A

Gas adenyl cyclise/cAMp transduction pathway

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18
Q

Oxytocin receptors couple to?

A

Gaq/Gai/phospholipase C
Causing increase in inositol- 1,4,5 triphosphate which releases Ca from sarcoplasmic reticulum
And 1,2 diacylglycerol that activates protein kinase

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19
Q

How is it known that labour is caused by downregulation of pathways?

A

Gas levels gets low before labour

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20
Q

Is myometrial cells contracting neural?

A

No! Have sparse innervation regulation of contraction is humoral and on intrinsic factor

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21
Q

What is the effect of indomethacin on labour?

A

Stop contractility

Prolong gestation

22
Q

What causes cervical repenning?

A

Cervical softening by degradation of collagen by prostaglandin F2 alpha

23
Q

Phases of sexual response cycle

A

Excitement
Plateau
Orgasm
Resolution

24
Q

Do men and women experience same sexuality cycle?

A

Same phases but different timing it is highly unlikely that reach orgasm at same time
And intensity and response varies from one person to another

25
Q

Characteristics of excitement

A 
Clitoris and labia minora swells and penis erect
Scrotum tightens as testis enlarges
Women breast become fuller
Nipples harden and erect
Heart rate increase and flushing
Vaginal lubrication
26
Q

Characteristics of plateau phase?

A

Vaginal wala becomes dark purple as blood flow continues to increase
Clitoris highly sensitive and retracts under the clitoral hood to avoid direct stimulation by penis
Muscle spasm reach face hand and feet
Muscle tension increases

27
Q

Orgasm characteristics

A

Sudden release of sexual tension
Involuntary muscle contraction
Vagina and uterus goes under rhythmic contractions
Sex flush all over the body
Rhythmic contracts in men at base of penis ejaculate semen
Rapid intake of oxygen

28
Q

Difference in orgasm of males and female

A

Females multiple and can have rapid return while men need recovery time called refaractory period can’t reach orgasm in it

29
Q

Refractory period increases with?

A

Age

30
Q

Decrease estrogen in perimenopausal women caused

A

Reduced vulvovaginal lubricant
And vasocongestion
Also vaginal atrophy
And pain in sex

Decreasing libido

31
Q

What does high doses of exogenous androgens do to females

A

Positive effect on female sexuality

32
Q

Erection is first triggered by?

A

Neurological signals then it’s hormonal

33
Q

Thoracolumbar erection center located at ?

A

T-11 to L-2

34
Q

Difference between psychogenic election and reflex erecting?

A

Psycho trigger by neural impulse like visual auditory stimuli unlike reflex is by tactile stimulating to penis or genital area

35
Q

Reflex arc activates?

A

Sacral erecting center from S2-S4

36
Q

Mans early sexual life erecting is more of

A

Psychogenic

37
Q

How amino acids and vitamins pas

A

Active transportation

38
Q

How glucose pass?

A

Facilitated diffusion

39
Q

Immunoglobulin pass through?

A

Pincytosis

40
Q

Why does insulin and parathormone does not pass?

A

High MW

41
Q

Exposure to teratogens in days 10-14 may result in?

A

Cell death!

42
Q

Blocking of metabolic processes is the mechanism of action of?

A

Thioureas and iodides

43
Q

Congenital anomalies that comes with IDDM?

A

Spina bifida
Congenital heart disease
Focal femoral hypoplasia
Caudal regression

44
Q

Maternal PKU causes

A

ID
Congenital heart disease
Microcephaly

45
Q

List maternal autoimmune diseases and effect on baby?

A

SLE ,,, heart block

Myasthenia Gracie ,,, transient neonatal myasthenia

Graves’ disease ,, neonatal thyrotoxicosis

ITP ,,, neonatal thrombocytopenia

46
Q

Increased maternal core temperature by 2,5 in the first trimester fro 24 hours causes

A

Neural tube defects?

47
Q

Other findings of high maternal temperature

A

Microcephalic
ID
Hypo/hyper tonia
Seizures

48
Q

What increase the risk of neural tube defects?

A

Folic antagonists like trimethoprium and triametrene

49
Q

Why statins are contraindicated?

A

Congenital heart disease
CNS malformations
LIMB MALFORMATIONS!!!

50
Q

Ace inhibitors causes

A

Renal and skull defects

51
Q

Diethylstillbesterol causes

A

Cervical cancer in female progeny

Reproductive (6 decks)

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