Physiology

Question 1

What are the three types of muscle in the body?

Answer 1

Skeletal

Cardiac

smooth

Question 2

What produces the light and dark striations in skeletal and cardiac muscle?

Answer 2

Myosin produces dark

Actin produces light bands

Question 3

What is a motor unit?

Answer 3

A single alpha motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibres it innervates

Question 4

From big to small what are the names of the muscles?

Answer 4

Whole muscle

Muscle fibre

Myofibirl

Sarcomere

Myocin

Actin

Question 5

What is the nerurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction

Answer 5

Acetlycholine

Question 6

How is an action potential stimulated in skeletal muscle?

Answer 6

Action potential spreades down T-tubules triggering calcium ion release from the lateral sacs of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 7

What is the functional unit of a muscle called?

Answer 7

A Sarcomere

Question 8

What is a functional unit ?

Answer 8

The smallest component of an organ which is capable of performing all the functions of that organ

Question 9

What are the 4 sarcomere zones

Answer 9

IAHM

Question 10

What is the I zone?

Answer 10

Actin filamints that don’t overlap with myosin

Question 11

What is the A band?

Answer 11

Area where Actin and Myosin filaments overlap

Question 12

What is the H zone?

Answer 12

Lighter area in the middle where actin filaments dont reach

Question 13

What is the m line?

Answer 13

Vertical band straight down the middle of the A and H zones

Question 14

What is responsible for muscle tensions

Answer 14

Actin filaments sliding on myocin filaments

Question 15

For what is ATP needed for in muscles?

Answer 15

During muscle contraction to power contraction

During relaxation to release cross bridges

and to pump calcium back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 16

How does the skeletal muscle twitch compare to the action potential?

Answer 16

The action potential is much shorter so you can fire a bunch of action potentials in order to produce a stronger twitch

Question 17

What cant Cardiac muscle be tetanised?

Answer 17

Because of the refractory period

Question 18

What are the three metabolic pathwapys that supply ATP in muscle fibres?

Answer 18

Transfer of high energy phosphate from creatine phosphate to ADP

Oxidative phosphorylation

Glycolysis

Question 19

What is the main source of ATP when O2 is present?

Answer 19

Oxidative phosphorylation

Question 20

What is the main source of ATP when O2 is not present ?

Answer 20

Glycolysis

Question 21

What are the three types of skeletal muscle fibres?

Answer 21

Slow-oxidative

Fast-oxidative

Fast-glycolytic

Question 22

What spinal segment and peripheral nerve is tested during the knee jerk?

Answer 22

L3 and L4

Femoral Nerve

Question 23

What are muscle spindles?

Answer 23

Intrafusal fibres with annulospiral fibres which sense when the muscle is stretched

Question 24

What are the three types of joints?

Answer 24

Synovial

Fibrous

Cartilaginous

Question 25

What do all synovial joints have which cartilaginous joints dont?

Answer 25

A synovial membane

Question 26

What does the synovial fluid do for the chondrocytes?

Answer 26

Supply it with oxygen and nutrients

Question 27

What gives synovial fluid its high viscosity?

Answer 27

hyaluronic acid

Question 28

What type of cartilage makes up most of the articular cartilage?

Answer 28

Hyaline

Question 29

Where does articular cartilage get its nutrients from?

Answer 29

Recives nutrients from synovial fluid It has no blood supply of its own.

Question 30

What is special about the nucleus of skeletal muscle cells?

Answer 30

They have loads of nuclei per cell

Question 31

What are muscle bundles called?

Answer 31

Fasicles

Question 32

What are the layers of connective tissue which organises muscles?

Answer 32

Epimysium Perimysium Endomysium

Question 33

What do you call cells found in the cartilage?

Answer 33

Chondrocytes

Question 34

Where do chondrocytes live?

Answer 34

Lacuna

Question 35

What do chondrocytes do?

Answer 35

Secrete and maintain the extracellular matrix around them

Question 36

What makes up the extracellular matrix in hyaline cartilage

Answer 36

75% water 25% Organic material of which 60% is type II collagena nd 40% is proteoglycan aggregates

Question 37

What does Hyaline cartilage look like?

Answer 37

Blue-white and translucent

Question 38

What does Elastic cartilage look like?

Answer 38

light yellow

Question 39

What are the three types of cartilage?

Answer 39

Hyaline cartilage Elastic cartilage Fibrocartilage

Question 40

What is bone made up off?

Answer 40

Mostly minerals, collagen and water

Question 41

What are the two types of bone you would find in a long bone?

Answer 41

Solid Cortical Bone Spongy Cancellous or trabecular bone

Question 42

What are cement lines?

Answer 42

Lines found in osteons that have formed during remodelling

Question 43

What does Cortical bone have that Trabeculae/Cancellous bone does not?

Answer 43

Cancellous/Trabecular bone does not have haversion cannals

Question 44

What is located on bone surfaces and acts as a reserve pool of osteoblasts?

Answer 44

Osteoprogenitor cells

Question 45

What are Osteoblasts?

Answer 45

Bone Builders B for builders

Question 46

What is an osteocyte?

Answer 46

A bone cell trapped within the bone matrix

Question 47

What do osteoclasts do?

Answer 47

Found on the surface of the bone, they are responsilbe for bone resorption. C for Cutters

Question 48

How is mineral bone made ?

Answer 48

Osteoblasts secrete Osteoid which crystalises

Question 49

What is the main mineral in bone?

Answer 49

Calcium Phosphate crystals

Question 50

whats going on here?

Answer 50

Lamellar bone and woven bone undergoing remodelling