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MSK - Orthopedics > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of muscle in the body?

A

Skeletal

Cardiac

smooth

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2
Q

What produces the light and dark striations in skeletal and cardiac muscle?

A

Myosin produces dark

Actin produces light bands

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3
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

A single alpha motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibres it innervates

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4
Q

From big to small what are the names of the muscles?

A

Whole muscle

Muscle fibre

Myofibirl

Sarcomere

Myocin

Actin

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5
Q

What is the nerurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction

A

Acetlycholine

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6
Q

How is an action potential stimulated in skeletal muscle?

A

Action potential spreades down T-tubules triggering calcium ion release from the lateral sacs of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

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7
Q

What is the functional unit of a muscle called?

A

A Sarcomere

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8
Q

What is a functional unit ?

A

The smallest component of an organ which is capable of performing all the functions of that organ

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9
Q

What are the 4 sarcomere zones

A

IAHM

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10
Q

What is the I zone?

A

Actin filamints that don’t overlap with myosin

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11
Q

What is the A band?

A

Area where Actin and Myosin filaments overlap

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12
Q

What is the H zone?

A

Lighter area in the middle where actin filaments dont reach

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13
Q

What is the m line?

A

Vertical band straight down the middle of the A and H zones

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14
Q

What is responsible for muscle tensions

A

Actin filaments sliding on myocin filaments

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15
Q

For what is ATP needed for in muscles?

A

During muscle contraction to power contraction

During relaxation to release cross bridges

and to pump calcium back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

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16
Q

How does the skeletal muscle twitch compare to the action potential?

A

The action potential is much shorter so you can fire a bunch of action potentials in order to produce a stronger twitch

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17
Q

What cant Cardiac muscle be tetanised?

A

Because of the refractory period

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18
Q

What are the three metabolic pathwapys that supply ATP in muscle fibres?

A

Transfer of high energy phosphate from creatine phosphate to ADP

Oxidative phosphorylation

Glycolysis

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19
Q

What is the main source of ATP when O2 is present?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

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20
Q

What is the main source of ATP when O2 is not present ?

A

Glycolysis

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21
Q

What are the three types of skeletal muscle fibres?

A

Slow-oxidative

Fast-oxidative

Fast-glycolytic

22
Q

What spinal segment and peripheral nerve is tested during the knee jerk?

A

L3 and L4

Femoral Nerve

23
Q

What are muscle spindles?

A

Intrafusal fibres with annulospiral fibres which sense when the muscle is stretched

24
Q

What are the three types of joints?

A

Synovial

Fibrous

Cartilaginous

25
Q

What do all synovial joints have which cartilaginous joints dont?

A

A synovial membane

26
Q

What does the synovial fluid do for the chondrocytes?

A

Supply it with oxygen and nutrients

27
Q

What gives synovial fluid its high viscosity?

A

hyaluronic acid

28
Q

What type of cartilage makes up most of the articular cartilage?

A

Hyaline

29
Q

Where does articular cartilage get its nutrients from?

A

Recives nutrients from synovial fluid

It has no blood supply of its own.

30
Q

What is special about the nucleus of skeletal muscle cells?

A

They have loads of nuclei per cell

31
Q

What are muscle bundles called?

A

Fasicles

32
Q

What are the layers of connective tissue which organises muscles?

A

Epimysium

Perimysium

Endomysium

33
Q

What do you call cells found in the cartilage?

A

Chondrocytes

34
Q

Where do chondrocytes live?

A

Lacuna

35
Q

What do chondrocytes do?

A

Secrete and maintain the extracellular matrix around them

36
Q

What makes up the extracellular matrix in hyaline cartilage

A

75% water

25% Organic material of which 60% is type II collagena nd 40% is proteoglycan aggregates

37
Q

What does Hyaline cartilage look like?

A

Blue-white and translucent

38
Q

What does Elastic cartilage look like?

A

light yellow

39
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage

Elastic cartilage

Fibrocartilage

40
Q

What is bone made up off?

A

Mostly minerals, collagen and water

41
Q

What are the two types of bone you would find in a long bone?

A

Solid Cortical Bone

Spongy Cancellous or trabecular bone

42
Q

What are cement lines?

A

Lines found in osteons that have formed during remodelling

43
Q

What does Cortical bone have that Trabeculae/Cancellous bone does not?

A

Cancellous/Trabecular bone does not have haversion cannals

44
Q

What is located on bone surfaces and acts as a reserve pool of osteoblasts?

A

Osteoprogenitor cells

45
Q

What are Osteoblasts?

A

Bone Builders

B for builders

46
Q

What is an osteocyte?

A

A bone cell trapped within the bone matrix

47
Q

What do osteoclasts do?

A

Found on the surface of the bone, they are responsilbe for bone resorption.

C for Cutters

48
Q

How is mineral bone made ?

A

Osteoblasts secrete Osteoid which crystalises

49
Q

What is the main mineral in bone?

A

Calcium Phosphate crystals

50
Q

whats going on here?

A

Lamellar bone and woven bone undergoing remodelling

MSK - Orthopedics (12 decks)

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