General Trauma Flashcards
What are the two types of bone healing and when do they occour?
Primary bone healing = fracture gap less than 1mm
Secondary bone healing = all other fractrures
How does primary bone healing occour?
New bone produced by osteoblasts bridges the gap
What are the steps involved in secondary bone healing?
- inflammation
- Soft callus
- Hard callus
- Remodeling
How long after the injury is a soft callus formed ?
2/3 weeks
How long does a hard callus take to appear?
6-12 weeks
What are the 5 typical fracture paterns?
Transverse fractures
Oblique fractures
Spiral fractures
Comminuted fractures
Segmental fractures
Describe this fracture
Oblique extra articalur fracture of the middle third of the fibula with a displacement of 100%
What causes damage in compartment syndrome?
Increased pressure resulting in compression and ischeamia of the muscle.
What are the two cardinal clinical signs of compartment syndrome?
Increased pain on passive stretching of involved muscle
Unusually severe pain
How do you treat compartment syndrome?
removal of tight bandages
Emergancy fasciotomies
What is prophylaxis should be given to all patients with major lower limb fractures?
Low Molecular Weight Heparin for DVT
What are the most common causes of Spetic arthritis?
Straphylococcus aureus
Heamophilus influenzae:- kids
Neisseria gonorrhoea:- Young adults
Eshcerichia coli- Elderly and PWID
How do you treat Septic arthritis?
Aspirate joint
Indentify causitive organism
Antibiotics plus surgical washout ( if necesary)
What is spinal shock?
Physiological response to injury with complete loss of sensation and motor function and loss of reflexes below the level of the injury for 24hrs
What is the bulbocavernous reflex?
relex contraction of the anal sphincter with either a squeeze of the glans penis or tapping on the mons pubis.
How do you know when spinal shock is over?
The bulbocavernous reflex returns
What is Neurogenic Shock?
Shock occouring from temporary shutdown of sympathetic outflow
What is a complete spinal cord injury?
No sensory or voluntary motor function below the level of the injury
What is an incomplete spinal injury?
Preservation of some neurological function distal to the level of injury
What makes up the pelvic ring?
Sacrum, ilium, ischium and pubic bone
What is the name of the socket of the hip joint?
Acetabulum
How do you teat humeral neck fractures?
Usually with a sling
What is more common: anterior or posterior shoulder disocations?
Anterior
Why do most anterior shoulder dislocations happen?
detachment of the anterior glenoid labrum
What must you be aware of in anterior shouder dislocations?
Injury to axillary nerve
What is the sign of axillary nerve injury?
Loss of sensation in the regimentlal badge area
What is the treatment for dislocated shoulders?
Closed reduction under sedation or anaestheic
Neurovascular assement
sling for 2-3 weeks
Which nerve is pariculary at risk in humeral shaft fractures?
Radial nerve in the spinal groove
What symptoms would suggest a radial nerve injury?
Wrist drop and loss of sensation in the firs dorsal web space
What is the usual treatment plan for humeral shaft fractures?
Functional humeral brace
What is the managment plan for a dislocated finger?
reduce with or without local anasthetic
Splint for 3 weeks
What must you be weary of in knee dislocations?
Poplieal artery injury
common fibular nerve injury
