Physiology 51-100 Flashcards
Which among these is the first step in the process of urine formation A. tubular filtration B. tubular secretion C. glomerular filtration D. tubular reabsorption E. glomerular feedback
C
SIMILAR TO PREVIOUS BOARD EXAM
CONCEPT/PRINCIPLE
A patient who took an overdose of aspirin started having tinnitus, headache, dizziness or vertigo, confusion, tachypnea, metabolic acidosis, nausea, vomiting, dehydration/thirst and hypoglycemia, which of the following physiologic processes is expected to occur
A. shift in hemoglobin dissociation curve to the right
B. decreased baroreceptor stimulation
C. increased intracellular influx of potassium
D. decreased renal reabsorption of bicarbonate
E. decreased ADH secretion
A SIMILAR TO PREVIOUS BOARD EXAM CONCEPT/PRINCIPLE: increase temperature, increase acidity shifts dissociation curve to the right
Which of the following is true regarding the sympathetic nervous system?
A. It is responsible for accomodation of vision to near objects
B. it is responsbile for relaxation of urinary and gastrointestinal sphincters
C. it has short preganglionic fibers and long post ganglionic fibers
D. it only utilizes norepinephrine as neurotransmitter
E. the autonomic ganglia are usually embedded inside the effector organs
C SIMILAR TO PREVIOUS BOARD EXAM CONCEPT/PRINCIPLE, sympathetic has short preganglionic long postganglionic fibers
Which of the following is false of skeletal muscle contraction
A. action potential travels down depolarizing the terminal axonal bouton promoting release of Acetylcholine
B. during membrane depolarization, the inside of the cell becomes positively charged
C. acetylcholine diffuses across the synaptic cleft stimulating muscarinic acetylcholine receptors
D. acetylcholinesterase leads to break down of acetylcholine terminating the synaptic transmission
E. the acetylcholine receptor at the postsynaptic membrane is a ligand gate ion channel
C.
SIMILAR TO PREVIOUS BOARD EXAM CONCEPT/PRINCIPLE, review skeletal muscle contraction and NMJ physiology, post synaptic acetylcholine receptor in the muscle is a nicotinic ligand gated ion channel
24 year old female patient is pregnant at 8weeks AOG presents with intractable vomiting, which potential acid base disturbance can be seen in this patient? A. respiratory acidosis B. compensated metabolic acidosis C. respiratory alkalosis D. metabolic alkalosis E. none of the above
D.
SIMILAR TO PREVIOUS BOARD EXAM CONCEPT/PRINCIPLE, can be as simple as this, intractable vomiting = metabolic alkalosis
A neonate was jaundiced at the 8th hour of life, his mother was RH(-) baby was RH(+), total bilirubin levels were found to be 25mg/dL at the 2nd day of life, patient was deemed at risk for a CNS complication due to these conditions which were most likely to affect which part of the brain? A. basal ganglia B. cerebellum C. medulla D. cerebral cortex E. hypothalamus
A.
SIMILAR TO PREVIOUS BOARD EXAM
CONCEPT/PRINCIPLE, kernicterus
affects the basal ganglia
A 30 year old patient was involved in a motor vehicular accident, he has sustained multiple fractures over the lower
extremities and multiple rib fracturs as well. His initial BP was 80/50 HR 138, he was assessed to have hypovolemic shock,
which of the following parameters are known to increase cardiac output?
A. increased venous capacitance
B. decreased heart rate
C. decreased afterload
D. decreased inotropy
E. decreased left ventricular end diastolic volume
C. CO = HR x Stroke volume, stroke volume is amount of blood pumped by the heart during each contraction influenced by preload which is represented by left ventricular end diastolic volume, afterload and contractility. Decreased afterload increases stroke volume thereby increasing CO, increased venous capacitance decreases preload thereby decreasing stroke volume and CO
Which of the following conditions increases gastric emptying time?
A. decreased cholecystokinin secretion
B. decreased intake of fatty foods
C. increased motilin secretion
D. presence of fat and peptides in the duodenum
E. none of the above
D.
presence of breakdown products fat, peptides, acid in the duodenum delays gastric emptying, fatty meal delays emptying, increase cholecystokinin delays emptying
Assuming equal amounts of glucose were provided, which of the following routes produces a greater increase in pancreatic insulin secretion?
A. oral glucose intake
B. rapid IV glucose infusion
C. sugar tablets underneath the tongue
D. A and B produces equal rises in insulin
E. none of the above
A.
because of incretin effect, oral glucose
causes increased insulin secretion
A 30 year old female patient presents with hypertension, supraclavicular fat pad, multiple abdominal striae, obesity, red flushed skin, history of visual disturbances specifically involving temporal visual fields of both eyes, which of the following laboratory findings is expected?
A. decreased serum free cortisol
B. suppression of cortisol secretion following low dose dexamethasone administration
C. decreased urine free cortisol
D. increased ACTH
E. increased urinary metanephrines
D. patient most likely has cushings diease, pituitary ACTH most likely increased, non suppression with low dose dexa, cortisol in serum and urine is expected to be increased as well
The basement membrane of intestinal epithelial cells requires the GLUT2 transporter for absorption of glucose into circulation. Which of following is true about this kind of transport?
A. This transporter will absorb both D-glucose and L-glucose into the circulation.
B. Other similarly structured solutes such as galactose will competitively inhibit the absorption of glucose
C. The transport protein has no maximum transport capability and and is directly
proportional to the gradient at all concentrations
D. This transporter is dependent on ATP
E. None of the above
B GLUT 2 is a facilitated diffusion transporter which is stereospecific, saturable and competitive. Choice B is descriptive of competitive inhibition.
A 22 year old man is noted to have normal secondary sex characteristics but has deficient testosterone levels in the seminifirous tubules and epididymis. Which of the following is most likely dysfunctional? A. Leydig cells B. Anterior pituitary C. Hypothalamus D. Sertoli cells E. A an B
D. Sertoli cells is responsible for secreting the Androgen binding protein which traps and maintains testosterone concentration in the seminiferous tubules. The presence of normal secondary sex characteristics indicates that Leydig cells is functional.
RBC’s in the unoxygenated systemic venous circulation will have which of the following characteristics?
A. Has less H+ bound to hemoglobin
B. The major form of transport of CO2 is via binding to hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin
C. HCO3- enters the RBC’s to recombine with H+ to form H2CO3 and which dissociates into CO2 and H2O
D. Has increased intracellular levels of Cl-
E. All of the above
D. HCO3- is transported out of the RBC in exchange for Cl- in unoxygenated blood. Choices A and C occur in oxygenated blood. The major form of transport of CO2 is via HCO3-.
Absence of T-tubules in skeletal muscle cells will result in:
A. Asynchronous waveforms and calcium release
B. Absence of action potential generation
C. Absence of calcium uptake by the sarcoplasmic reticulum
D. Inability of acetylcholine to bind and activate receptors at the neuromuscular junction
E. All of the above
A.
T-tubules is responsible for the
synchrony of Calcium release.
Which of the following will increase the contraction velocity of a skeletal muscle? A. Decreased afterload B. Decreased myosinactin overlap C. Increased extracellular Ca D. All of the above E. None of the above
A.
Afterload is the load against which the skeletal uscle must contract and is analogous to the afterload of the heart. Decrease in afterload will increase contraction velocity. In skeletal muscles, an increase in extracellular Calcium will lower gradient and decrease contractility
An exercising athlete will have which of the following respiratory responses? A. Increased oxygen consumption B. More evenly distributed V/Q ratio C. No change in arterial pCO2 and pO2 D. A and B E. All of the above
E.
All are correct. Venous pCO2 (but not
arterial pCO2) will increase.
Glucose and insulin levels were measured one hour after a patient is instructed to ingest 75 grams glucose which revealed glucose level of 250mg/dL accompanied by a corresponding rise in insulin secretion when compared to baseline. What is most likely the explanation for this finding?
A. Peripheral insulin resistance
B. Pancreatic beta cell destruction
C. Insulinoma
D. Physiologic glucose mobilization upon insulin release
E. A or B
A.
The scenario shows high glucose levels
despite corresponding insulin release.
A 63 year old presents to the clinic with complaints of dizziness and lightheadedness upon assuming an upright position. His supine blood pressure measurement is 95/65 and his standing blood pressure is 80/60. What will you expect to accumulate in the vascular smooth muscle cells in this patient upon standing. A. cAMP B. cGMP C. NO D. inositol triphosphate E. acetylcholine
D. Constriction of vascular smooth muscles involves stimulation of alpha 1-receptors. The mechanism is via Gq, leading to phospholipase C - mediated release of diacylglycerol and IP3
Conduction velocity measurements were obtained from different parts of the heart. The slowest and fastest conduction velocities respectively will be found in: A. Atrial and ventricular muscle cells B. AV node and atrial muscle cells C. SA node and AV node D. AV node and Purkinje fibers E. Ventricular muscle cells and SA node
D.
Fastest to slowest: Purkinje>atria and
ventricles > AV node
Angiotensin II plays an essential role in regulation of renal circulation. Its action on the efferent arteriole will result in which of the following changes?
A. Decreased GFR, No change in RPF, Decreased Filtration fraction (FF)
B. Increased GFR, Decreased RPF, Increased FF
C. Decreased GFR, Decreased RPF, No change in FF
D. Decreased GFR, Decreased RPF, Decreased FF
E. None of the above
B.
Contriction of efferent arteriole will
decrease RPF and increase GFR and FF
