Physiology 301-400 Flashcards
Which of the following coincides with the second heart sound?
A. Closure of mitral valve and tricuspid valves
B. Closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves
C. Flow of blood during rapid ventricular filling
D. Late diastole or atrial systole (slow ventricular filling)
E. None of the above
B
IM platinum p42
Which of the following correctly depicts the formula for blood pressure?
A. Blood pressure= cardiac output x heart rate
B. Blood pressure= heart rate X cardiac output
C. Blood pressure= stroke volume X total peripheral resistance X heart rate
D. Blood pressure= cardiac output x stroke volume
E. Blood pressure= total peripheral resistance x stroke volume
C
BP=CO x TPR; CO= HR x SV
Continued production of this estrogen depends on the living fetus, hence is used as a marker of fetal well-being: A. Estrone B. Estradiol C. Estriol D. All of the above E. None of the above
C
Which of the following statements regarding depolarization is true?
A. Depolarization is making the membrane potential less negative.
B. Depolarization is making the mambrane potential more negative.
C. Depolarization is the membrane potential in which occurrence of action potential is inevitable.
D. Depolarization is the period in which a new action potential can be elicited.
E. Depolarization is the period in which a new action potential can not be elicited.
A
B. Depolarization is making the mambrane potential more negative. - Hyperpolarization C. Depolarization is the membrane potential in which occurrence of action potential is inevitable. - Threshold D. Depolarization is the period in which a new action potential can be elicited. - no answer E. Depolarization is the period in which a new action potential can not be elicited. -Refractory period
Which of the following nerve fiber type conducts action potential the fastest? A. Type A? B. Type A? C. Type B D. Type C E. None of the above
A
Type C- slowest, non-myelinated
This lobe of the brain is responsible for hearing, vestibular processing, recognition of faces and storage of memory? A. Frontal lobe B. Parietal lobe C. Temporal lobe D. Occipital lobe E. None of the above
C
Frontal- motor, personality, calculation Parietal-Somatosensory OccipitalVision
Lesions in this part of the brain causes loss of preexisting memories or retrograde amnesia: A. Thalamus B. Hippocampus C. Amygdala D. Hypothalamus E. None of the above
A
Thalamic lesions-cause retrograde amnesia Hippocampal lesions- cause anterograde amnesia
These brain waves predominate in a person who is doing his thesis at 10am in the morning: A. Alpha waves B. Beta waves C. Theta waves D. Delta waves E. None of the above
B
A. Alpha waves- awake, eyes closed; relaxing person B. Beta waves- awake, eyes open; busy and alert C. Theta waves-brain disorders and degenerative brain states D. Delta waves-deep sleep and organic brain disease and infants
This tactile receptor is an onion-like structure in the skin and deep fascia that detects highfrequency vibration: A. Pacinian corpuscle B. Ruffini's end organs C. Merkel's Disc D. Meissner's corpuscle E. Free nerve endings
A
B. Ruffini’s end organs- detects pressure and joint rotation C. Merkel’s Disc- for localizing touch sensation and to determine texture D. Meissner’s corpuscle-found in nonhairy skin as finger tips; for lowfrequency vibration E. Free nerve endings-found in the skin; touch and pressure
These blood vessels are also known as capacitance vessels because of its function as reservoir of blood: A. Arterioles B. Arteries C. Veins D. Capilaries E. None of the above
C
Veins are easily distensible. It holds more than 60% of blood at any time.
What does Tall T waves in contiguous leads in an ECG tracing imply? A. Hyperkalemia B. Hypercalcemia C. Hypokalemia D. Hypocalcemia E. None of the above
A
B. Hypercalcemia- shortened QT interval C. Hypokalemia- flat T waves D. Hypocalcemia- Prolonged QT interval
The following are part of the Cushing reflex in response to increased intracranial pressure, except: A. Irregular respiration B. Bradycardia C. Hypotension D. All of the above E. None of the above
C
Cushing reflex: HPN, Bradycardia, Irregular respiration
The following vasocative mediators are vasodilators, except: A. Serotonin B. Prostacyclin C. Nitric oxide D. Histamine E. None of the above
A
Serotonin- is released as a result of blood vessel damage; it causes arteriolar vasoconstriction; implicated in migraineq
The following are true of slow-twitch or red muscles, except:
A. Smaller in size
B. Glycolytic in metabolic profile
C. Slower Calcium reuptake by sarcoplasmic reticulum
D. Has more numerous mitochondria
E. For endurance activities
B
fast-twitch/ white muscle=glycolytic; slow-twitch/red muscle=oxidative
What is the function of Troponin I? A. Attaches troponin complex to tropomyosin B. Inhibits actin-myosin binding C. Inhibits calcium binding protein D. All of the above E. None of the above
B
SIMILAR TO PREVIOUS BOARD EXAM CONCEPT/PRINCIPLE: Troponin Tattaches troponin complex to tropomyosin; Troponin I-inhibits actinmyosin binding; Troponin C- calcium binding protein
One of the manifestations of Decompression sickness caused by sudden formation of nitrogen bubbles that blocks blood vessels from rapid ascent is pain in the joints and muscles. What is its other name? A. Chokes B. Turns C. Bends D. Caisson's Disease E. All of the above
C
Chokes-dyspnea; Caisson’s-Chronic decompression sickness
The following statements are true regarding the kidneys, except:
A. Left kidney is lower than the right kidney.
B. Glomerular capillaries are the only capillaries that lead to artetioles.
C. Kidneys produce calcitriol, renin and erythropoietin.
D. Peritubular capillaries participate in countercurrent exchange.
E. None of the above
A
Right is lower (because of the liver)
This refers to the intrinsic ability of the tubules to increase their reabsorption rate in response to increased tubular load: A. Glomerulotubular balance B. Tubuloglomerular feedback C. Gradient-time transport D. Renal blood flow E. None of the above
A
Glomerulotubular balance- percentage of solute reabsorbed is held constant Tubuloglomerular feedback-constant sodium load delivered to distal tubule
The following promotes entry of potassium into cells, except: A. Insulin B. Aldosterone C. Beta agonists D. Alkalosis E. None of the above
E
Factors that shift potassium out of cells: insulin deficiency, addison’s, Bblockers, acidosis, cell lysis, strenous exercise, increased ECF osmolality
What is the last nucleated stage of RBC? A. Proerythroblast B. Basophilic eryhtroblast C. Polychromatophilic erythroblast D. Orthochromatic erythroblast E. Reticulocyte
D
Orthochromatic erythroblast-last nucleated stage
An 87-year-old nursing home resident with dementia, Alzheimer's type, is admitted to the hospital because of progressive lethargy and decreased appetite for 3 days. She had a flu-like illness followed by a deep cough 1 week ago. Over the past 10 months, she has been hospitalized once for bacterial pneumonia. She is responsive only to painful stimuli. Her temperature is 38.6 C (101.5 F), blood pressure is 110/60 mm Hg, pulse is 123/min and regular, and respirations are 28/min. Examination shows dry mucous membranes. There is no adenopathy. Crackles are heard in the right lung base. An x-ray film of the chest shows an infiltrate at the right lung base. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most likely predisposing factor for this patient's pneumonia? A ) Decreased airway elasticity B ) Decreased baroreflex C ) Decreased gag reflex D ) Decreased thyroid function
C
A 72-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 7-month history of leg weakness and dry eyes and mouth. He also has had a 10.4-kg (23-lb) weight loss over the past 4 months despite no change in appetite. He has smoked one and a half packs of cigarettes daily for 50 years. He drinks 4 oz of alcohol daily. He has peptic ulcer disease and emphysema. Medications include cimetidine, theophylline, and lowdose prednisone. Examination shows mild ptosis. He has a barrelshaped chest. Breath sounds are distant. There is moderate weakness of the proximal muscles of the lower extremities. Reflexes are absent. He has difficulty rising from a chair. Sensory examination shows no abnormalities. An x-ray film shows a hyperinflated chest and a 3 x 4-cm mass in the right hilum. His neurologic findings are most likely due to a lesion involving which of the following? A) Choline acetyltransferase B) Acetylcholinesterase C) Postynaptic neuromuscular junction D) Presynaptic neuromuscular junction
D
A 37-year-old woman comes to the physician because of progressive shortness of breath over the past 5 years; she now has fatigue and shortness of breath with mild exertion. She has a history of mitral stenosis secondary to rheumatic fever at the age of 15 years. She was asymptomatic until 5 years ago when she developed severe shortness of breath during pregnancy. She was treated with diuretics, low-sodium diet, and bed rest, and she was able to deliver the baby at term. Her only medication is hydrochlorothiazide. Her temperature is 37 C (98.6 F), blood pressure is 110/80 mm Hg, pulse is 100/min and regular, and respirations are 26/min. Cardiac examination shows an obvious opening snap in S2. A grade 3/6, late diastolic murmur is heard at the apex. A right ventricular lift is palpated along the left sternal border. Which of the following is most likely increased in this patient?
A) Blood flow to the lower lung fields
B) Pulmonary artery pressure
C) Left-to-right shunt of blood
D) Left ventricular enddiastolic pressure
B
A 52-year-old scuba diver has a malfunctioning oxygen tank at 80 feet below sea level. Panicking about this occurrence, she made every effort to immediately resurface. Upon reaching the surface, she had severe difficulty of breathing. Which among the following explains why this happened to her?
A) Nitrogen microbubbles plugging the pulmonary capillaries
B) Swallowing excess amounts of sea water
C) Nitrogen narcosis in the central nervous system
D) Free radical damage to the pulmonary vasculature
A
A newborn infant is born with 5-alpha reductase deficiency. Examination of his blood would reveal decreased levels of which among the following compounds? A) Androstenedione B) Dihydrotestosterone C) Estradiol D) Pregnenolone
B
Which among the following physiologic principles pertains to iodine-induced hyperthyroidism, typically presenting in a patient with endemic goiter who relocates to an iodine-abundant geographical area? A) Wolff-Chaikoff effect B) Frank-Starling mechanism C) Jod-Basedow phenomenon D) Bainbridge reflex
C
Aldosterone synthase is only present in one portion of the adrenal gland. This explains why this is the only portion capable of producing aldosterone, a mineralocorticoid hormone that is essential for life. Which among the following is the site of aldosterone production? A) Zona glomerulosa B) Zona fasciculate C) Zona reticularis D) Adrenal cortex
A
Without a countercurrent exchanger, the solutes pumped into the renal medulla by the countercurrent multiplier system would be rapidly dissipated. Which among the following structures is responsible for this phenomenon in human nephrons? A) Loop of Henle B) Proximal convoluted tubule C) Vasa recta D) Distal convoluted tubule
C
Which of the following refers to the intrinsic ability of tubules to increase their reabsorption rate in response to increased tubular load? A) Tubuloglomerular Feedback B) Glomerulotubular Balance C) Countercurrent Multiplication D) Local Autoregulation
B
A 45-year-old man who underwent bowel surgery developed pernicious anemia as a consequence. Which among the following will most likely be observed in this patient?
A) Low dietary intake of ferrous sulfate
B) Hypertrophy of gastric mucosa
C) Excess levels of pyridoxine in the blood
D) Decreased production of hydrochloric acid by gastric parietal cells
D
A 34-year-old man is suffering from gastrointestinal complications. On examination of his gastrointestinal fluids, gastric fluids were noted to have increased [H+], bile had decreased [HCO3] and pancreatic fluids had decreased [HCO3]. Which among the following GIT hormones is most likely deficient in this patient?
A) Cholecystokinin
B) Gastrin
C) Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)
D) Secretin
D
Respiratory distress developed in a neonate born at 30 weeks age of gestation. On chest radiograph, areas of atelectasis were seen. Which among the following represents the dominant component of the deficient pulmonary surfactant in this patient? A) Phosphatidylcholine B) Phosphatidylserine C) Phosphatidylinositol D) Phosphatidylpalmitate
A
The affinity of oxygen for hemoglobin increases in which of the following situations? A) Hypothermia B) Metabolic acidosis C) Exercise D) Chronic hypoxemia
A
Following a sympathectomy, a 66- year-old man experiences orthostatic hypotension. Which among the following may explain this occurrence?
A) An exaggerated response of the reninangiotensin-aldosterone system
B) A suppressed response of the renin-angiotensinaldosterone system
C) A suppressed response of the baroreceptor mechanism
D) An exaggerated response of the baroreceptor mechanism
C
A 65-year-old female who had a traumatic brain injury seems to be able to understand the written and spoken word but cannot create the correct sounds to be able to speak a word that is recognizable. She most likely has damage to which area of the brain? A) Wernicke’s area B) Broca’s area C) Angular gyrus D) Arcuate fasciculus
A
The myelin sheath of nerves is produced by supportive cells like oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system. The following are consequences of myelination of nerve fibers EXCEPT?
A) Decrease in nonselective diffusion of ions across the axonal membrane
B) Increase in energy required to maintain ion gradients across the membrane
C) Increase in the velocity of nerve impulses along
the axon
D) Generation of action potentials only at nodes of Ranvier
B
Which among the following transport mechanisms is limited by a saturable transport maxima? A) Facilitated diffusion B) Simple diffusion C) Osmosis D) Filtration
A
Skeletal muscle contraction will cease and relaxation will commence when calcium ions are pumped back into which of the following structures? A) Endoplasmic reticulum B) Transverse tubules C) Neuromuscular junction D) Sarcoplasmic reticulum
D
A 22-year-old man is brought to the emergency room after a traffic accident causing a traumatic brain injury. Within several hours he begins eating objects such as paper, is unable to maintain attention, and displays increased sexual activity. A diagnostic MRI reveals bilateral amygdala lesions. Which among the following best explains this patient's condition? A) Parkinson's disease B) Kluver-Bucy syndrome C) Gerstmann's syndrome D) Brown-Sequard syndrome
B
Why is atrial repolarization not visible in a normal ECG tracing?
A) Because it is buried in the concurrent QRS complex
B) Because it is isoelectric and hence cannot be seen
C) Because it is of too low voltage to be detected by the ECG
D) Because it occurs together with ventricular repolarization
A
