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ENT SB > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the role of the different parts of the ear

A

external ear - sound collector
middle ear - mechanical force amplifier
inner ear - sound transducer / analyser

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2
Q

how is the eustachian tube opened

A

by tensor veil palatini and elevator palatine muscles

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3
Q

what does dysfunction in the eustachian tube lead to

A

middle ear negative pressure

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4
Q

what are the two openings of the cochlea to the middle ear called

A

oval window

round window

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5
Q

what do the oval and round window allow

A

transmission of pressure wave in enclosed canal & vibration of the basilar membrane

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6
Q

what is the inner ear composed of

A

curved spiral lamina

semicircular canals

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7
Q

what does the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear contain

A

endolymph

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8
Q

what are the two parts of the membranous labyrinth and what are they composed of

A

vestibular labyrinth
- saccule and utricle

cochlear labyrinth
- cochlear duct in the cochlea

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9
Q

what are the parts of the cochlear

A

scala vestibuli
scala tympani
scala media

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10
Q

where is the scala tympani in relation to the cochlear nerve

A

below it

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11
Q

what is above the cochlear nerve

A

scala vestibuli

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12
Q

what is the organ of corgi

A

receptor organ for hearing located in cochlear
depolarises and fires
stimulating VIIIth nerve and then the central pathways

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13
Q

where is sound processed

A

superior temporal gyrus of the temporal lobe

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14
Q

what contributes to balance

A 
ears
eyes
proprioception
cardiac
central
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15
Q

what can affect balance systems causing loss of balance

A

Ears - BPPV, Menieres/Migraine, AVN

Eyes - cataracts, DM

Proprioception - DM, arthritis, neurology

Cardiac - arrhythmias, postural hypotension

central - stress, migrane, space occupying lesion, MS

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16
Q

what are the otolith organs and what are there functions

A

utricle and saccule

lend weight & due to gravity brain perceives movement when tilting head or travelling in elevator

17
Q

what is embedded in the gel membrane of the otolith organs

A

otoconia

- calcium carbonate crystals

18
Q

how are the semi-circular canals arranged

A

at 90 degrees of each other

19
Q

what sits in the ampulla of a semi-circular canals

A

Cupula

20
Q

what is the vestibule-ocular reflex

A

liquid pushes against cupula
side you are turning to increases in firing rate
side you are turning away from decreases in firing rate

21
Q

what is a vestibular schwannoma and what can it cause

A

Tumour of VIII nerve sheath (schwann) cells

Imbalance due to slowly progressive loss of function

22
Q

what are the receptors for taste and smell

A

chemoreceptors

23
Q

where are the receptors for taste and what do they consist of

A

taste buds

- sensory and support cells

24
Q

what is the life span of taste receptors cells and where are they made

A

10 days

basal cells within the taste buds

25
Q

where do the majority of taste buds sit

A

in the papillae in the tongue

26
Q

what are the 4 types of papillae on the human tongue

A

Filliform: most numerous – do not contain taste buds

Fungiform - contain Taste buds
Vallate - contain taste buds
Foliate - contain taste buds

27
Q

what is the nerve supply of taste

A

VIIth CN (chorda tympani branch of CNVII) - anterior two-thirds of the tongue

IXth CN - posterior third of the tongue

Xth CN - areas other than tongue

28
Q

what are the abnormalities of taste

A

Ageusia (loss of taste function):
Hypogeusia (reduced taste function)
Dysgeusia (distortion of taste function)

29
Q

what can cause abnormalities of taste

A

Ageusia - nerve damage, local inflammation
Hypogeusia - chemotherapy, drugs
Dysgeusia - glossitis, gum infections, tooth decay

30
Q

where is smell processed

A

in the Olfactory mucosa

31
Q

where is the olfactory mucosa found

A

in the ceiling (dorsal roof) of the nasal cavity

32
Q

what are the 3 cells of the olfactory mucosa

A

olfactory receptor cells, supporting cells and basal cells (secrete mucus)

33
Q

what does each olfactory receptor composed off and what is its function

A

olfactory rod

cilia project to the surface of the olfactory mucosa and odourants bind to the cilia

34
Q

what is the lifespan of olfactory receptors and what act as precursors for new olfactory receptor cells

A

2 months

Basal cells

35
Q

what transmit smell information to the brain

A

olfactory bulbs

36
Q

what are abnormalities of smell

A

anosmia - inability to smell
hyposmia - reduced ability to smell
dysosmia - altered sense of smell

37
Q

what can cause abnormalities of smell

A

anosmia - viral infection, allergy, head injury
hyposmia - early signs of Parkinson’s
dysosmia - hallucinations

ENT SB (9 decks)

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