Pathology

Question 1

what are the auditory meatus and external canal lined with

Answer 1

epidermis (skin)

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Question 2

what is the middle ear lined with

Answer 2

columnar lined mucosa

Question 3

what is the nose lined with

Answer 3

Schneiderian epithelium

Is Identical to respiratory mucosa – pseudostratified ciliated columnar.

Question 4

what is the pathogenesis of Cholesteatoma

Answer 4

COM and perforated tympanic membrane

Question 5

what is cholesteatoma

Answer 5

when the epithelium of the skin has got into the middle ear

therefore, high cell turnover and abundant KERATIN production

Question 6

Sx of cholesteatoma

Answer 6

Foul discharge
Deafness
Headache
Pain

Question 7

where do the majority of vestibular schwannoma occur and what are they associated with

Answer 7

Cerebellopontune angle
(between cerebellum and pons)

associated with vestibular portion of CNVIII

Question 8

if patient has bilateral vestibular schwannoma what should be considerede

Answer 8

NF type 2

Question 9

features of NF 1

Answer 9

Autosomal dominant.
Widespread neurofibromas.
Bony defects, café au lait spots, axillary and inguinal freckling, Lisch nodule

Question 10

features of NF 2

Answer 10

Bilateral vestibular schwannoma
Multiple meningiomas
Gliomas
Café au lait

Question 11

what congenital condition is associated with nasal polyps

Answer 11

Cystic Fibrosis

Question 12

what are the common causes for nasal polyps

Answer 12

allergy
infection
asthma
aspirin sensitivity
nickel exposure

Question 13

what is Wegener’s granulomatosis

Answer 13

small vessel vasculitis limited to respiratory tract and kidneys

Question 14

what is +ve in Wegener’s granulomatosis

Answer 14

cANCA

Question 15

when is pANCA positive

Answer 15

microscopic polyangiitis

Question 16

what malignancy does EBV have a strong associated with

Answer 16

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Lymphoma

Question 17

what area has high prevalence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Answer 17

Far East

Question 18

what are laryngeal polyps

Answer 18

reactive changes in laryngeal mucosa secondary to vocal abuse/infection/smoking/hypothyroid

Question 19

what is squamous papilloma/papillomatosis of the throat associated with

Answer 19

HPV 6 and 11

Question 20

what is a paraganglioma

Answer 20

Tumours arising in clusters of neuroendocrine cells dispersed throughout the body.

Question 21

what are the two types of paraganglioma

Answer 21

Chromaffin positive

Non-chromaffin

Question 22

features of chromaffin positive

Answer 22

sympathetic nervous system and can secrete catecholamines.

usually adrenal medulla

Question 23

features of non-chromaffin

Answer 23

carotid bodies, aortic bodies, jugulotympanic ganglia, ganglia nodosum of vagus and clusters around oral cavity, nose, nasopharynx, larynx and orbit.

Question 24

what are paraganglioma associated with

Answer 24

MEN 2

Question 25

what is related strongly with SCC

Answer 25

HPV 16 and 18

Question 26

what is sialolithiasis

Answer 26

stones in salivary glands

Question 27

what is Paramyxovirus

Answer 27

family of viruses associated with mumps, bilateral parotitis

Question 28

where is the most common sites for salivary gland tumours

Answer 28

Parotid gland

Question 29

what is the most common parotid tumour

Answer 29

pleomorphic adenoma

- usually females over 60

Question 30

what is Warthin’s tumour

Answer 30

second most common benign tumour of salivary glands
usually M > 50
smokers

Question 31

what is an adenoid cystic

Answer 31

malignant salivary tumour
> 40y/o, parotid
can affect palate
associated pain or loss of function