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ENT > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what dictates pitch of a sound wave?

A

frequency

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2
Q

what dictates intensity of a sound wave?

A

amplitude

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3
Q

what frequencies can human perceive?

A

20 Hz to 20000 Hz

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4
Q

what is the frequency of ultrasound?

A

greater than 20 000 Hz

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5
Q

what is microtia?

A

a congenital abnormality where the pinna hasn’t deveoped fully

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6
Q

what is anotia?

A

a congenital abnormality where there is no pinna

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7
Q

what is the function of the eustachian tube?

A

ventilation of middle ear

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8
Q

what are the 3 maneouvres which can be done to equalise the ear pressure by opening the eustachian tube?

A
  • yawning
  • swallowing
  • valsalvar maneouvre
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9
Q

the stapes vibrates the oval window and causes fluid to move in which- the scala vestibuli or scala tympani?

A

scala vestibuli

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10
Q

what is the receptor organ for hearing?

A

organ of Corti

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11
Q

what membrane of the organ of Corti are hair cells containing stereocilia located on?

A

basilar membrane

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12
Q

how many turns does the cochlea have?

A

2.5

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13
Q

comaprae scala media, scala tympani and scala vestibuli in terms of endolymph or perilymph?

A

scala media- endolymph
scala tympani- perilymph
scala vestibuli- peripymph

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14
Q

what is another name for scala media?

A

cochlear duct

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15
Q

what is another name for scala vestibuli?

A

vestibular duct

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16
Q

what is another name for scala tympani?

A

tympanic duct

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17
Q

compare inner and outer hair cells?

A

inner hair cells pick up sound frequencies

outer hair cells modulate the sound

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18
Q

what causes tinnitus?

A

damaged outer hair cells

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19
Q

within the cochlea, where are high frequency sounds picked up?

A

base of the cochlea

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20
Q

within the cochlea, where are low frequency sounds picked up?

A

apex of the cochlea

21
Q

what is the central pathway for sound actionp potentials?

A 
ECOLI
E - eight cranial nerve
C - cochlear nerve
O - (superior) olivary complex
L - lateral lemniscus
I - inferior colliculus
22
Q

where is the primary auditory cortex?

A

within the superior temporal gyrus within the temporal lobe

23
Q

what are the 5 vestibular end organs?

A

superior, lateral and posterior semi circular canals
utricle
saccule

24
Q

what branch of CN VIII supplies the utricle?

A

superior vestibular nerve

25
Q

what branch of CN VIII supplies the saccule?

A

inferior vestibular nerve

26
Q

what branch of CN VIII supplies the superior canal?

A

superior vestibular nerve

27
Q

what branch of CN VII supplies the lateral canal?

A

superior vestibular nerve

28
Q

what branch of CN VIII supplies the posterior canal?

A

inferior vestibular nerve

29
Q

what are the otolith organs?

A

utricle and saccule

30
Q

what is the name of the calcium carbonate crystals within the gel membrane of the vestibular end organs?

A

otoconia

31
Q

what semi circular canal is paired with the right anterior canal?

A

left posterior canal

32
Q

what semi circular canal is paired with the left anterior canal?

A

right posteiror canal

33
Q

what semi circular canal is paired with the left lateral canal?

A

right lateral canal

34
Q

what is nystagmus?

A

involuntary movement of the eyes

35
Q

what is a vestibular schwannoma?

A

a benign tumour of CN VIII nerve sheath cells

36
Q

what are the 4 types of papillae?

A

filliform
fungiform
vallate
foliate

37
Q

what are the most numerous papillae?

A

filliform

38
Q

which papillae of the tongue contain taste buds?

A

fungiform
vallate
foliate

39
Q

what is the life span of taste receptor cells?

A

10 days

40
Q

what are the 5 primary tastes?

A 
salty
sour
sweet
bitter
unami (meat/savory)
41
Q

what is ageusia?

A

loss of taste

42
Q

what is hypogeusia?

A

reduced taste

43
Q

what is dysgeusia?

A

distortion of taste

44
Q

what are the 3 cell types within olfactory mucosa?

A

olfactory receptor cells
supporting cells
basal cells

45
Q

what is the life span of an olfactory receptor?

A

2 months

46
Q

what is anosmia?

A

inability to smell

47
Q

what is hyposmia?

A

reduced ability to smell

48
Q

what is dysosmia?

A

altered sense of smell

ENT (5 decks)

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