Physiology Flashcards
what dictates pitch of a sound wave?
frequency
what dictates intensity of a sound wave?
amplitude
what frequencies can human perceive?
20 Hz to 20000 Hz
what is the frequency of ultrasound?
greater than 20 000 Hz
what is microtia?
a congenital abnormality where the pinna hasn’t deveoped fully
what is anotia?
a congenital abnormality where there is no pinna
what is the function of the eustachian tube?
ventilation of middle ear
what are the 3 maneouvres which can be done to equalise the ear pressure by opening the eustachian tube?
- yawning
- swallowing
- valsalvar maneouvre
the stapes vibrates the oval window and causes fluid to move in which- the scala vestibuli or scala tympani?
scala vestibuli
what is the receptor organ for hearing?
organ of Corti
what membrane of the organ of Corti are hair cells containing stereocilia located on?
basilar membrane
how many turns does the cochlea have?
2.5
comaprae scala media, scala tympani and scala vestibuli in terms of endolymph or perilymph?
scala media- endolymph
scala tympani- perilymph
scala vestibuli- peripymph
what is another name for scala media?
cochlear duct
what is another name for scala vestibuli?
vestibular duct
what is another name for scala tympani?
tympanic duct
compare inner and outer hair cells?
inner hair cells pick up sound frequencies
outer hair cells modulate the sound
what causes tinnitus?
damaged outer hair cells
within the cochlea, where are high frequency sounds picked up?
base of the cochlea
within the cochlea, where are low frequency sounds picked up?
apex of the cochlea
what is the central pathway for sound actionp potentials?
ECOLI E - eight cranial nerve C - cochlear nerve O - (superior) olivary complex L - lateral lemniscus I - inferior colliculus
where is the primary auditory cortex?
within the superior temporal gyrus within the temporal lobe
what are the 5 vestibular end organs?
superior, lateral and posterior semi circular canals
utricle
saccule
what branch of CN VIII supplies the utricle?
superior vestibular nerve
what branch of CN VIII supplies the saccule?
inferior vestibular nerve
what branch of CN VIII supplies the superior canal?
superior vestibular nerve
what branch of CN VII supplies the lateral canal?
superior vestibular nerve
what branch of CN VIII supplies the posterior canal?
inferior vestibular nerve
what are the otolith organs?
utricle and saccule
what is the name of the calcium carbonate crystals within the gel membrane of the vestibular end organs?
otoconia
what semi circular canal is paired with the right anterior canal?
left posterior canal
what semi circular canal is paired with the left anterior canal?
right posteiror canal
what semi circular canal is paired with the left lateral canal?
right lateral canal
what is nystagmus?
involuntary movement of the eyes
what is a vestibular schwannoma?
a benign tumour of CN VIII nerve sheath cells
what are the 4 types of papillae?
filliform
fungiform
vallate
foliate
what are the most numerous papillae?
filliform
which papillae of the tongue contain taste buds?
fungiform
vallate
foliate
what is the life span of taste receptor cells?
10 days
what are the 5 primary tastes?
salty sour sweet bitter unami (meat/savory)
what is ageusia?
loss of taste
what is hypogeusia?
reduced taste
what is dysgeusia?
distortion of taste
what are the 3 cell types within olfactory mucosa?
olfactory receptor cells
supporting cells
basal cells
what is the life span of an olfactory receptor?
2 months
what is anosmia?
inability to smell
what is hyposmia?
reduced ability to smell
what is dysosmia?
altered sense of smell
