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ENT > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

in embryology, during what weeks do the pharyngeal arches develop?

A

weeks 4/5

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2
Q

in embryology, the pharyngeal arches are externally separated by what?

A

pharyngeal clefts

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3
Q

pharyngeal clefts are made of what- endoderm, mesoderm or ectoderm?

A

ectoderm

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4
Q

in embryology, the pharyngeal arches are internally separated by what?

A

pharyngeal pouches

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5
Q

pharyngeal pouches are made of what- endoderm, mesoderm or ectoderm?

A

endoderm

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6
Q

what type of cartilage is nasal cartilage?

A

hyaline cartilage

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7
Q

what is the medical name for the bridge of the nose?

A

the dorsum of the nose

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8
Q

what is the medical name for the wings of the nose?

A

ala

alae is pleural

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9
Q

what is the name for the vertical groove between the base of the nose and the upper border of the lip?

A

philtrum of the upper lip

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10
Q

how does cartilage obtain it’s nutrients?

A

nutrient diffusion from other structures

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11
Q

what bones make up the roof of the nasal cavities?

A

cribriform plate of ethmoid bone (mainly)

+ some sphenoid bone and some frontal bone

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12
Q

what bones make up the septum of the nose?

A

perpendicular plate of ethmoid + vomer

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13
Q

which Le Fort fractures disrupt the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone?

A

Le Fort 2

Le Fort 3

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14
Q

what separates the nasal cavities from the anterior cranial fossa?

A

the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

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15
Q

why must a nasal septal haematoma be incised and drained?

A

to prevent avascular necrosis of the septal cartilage (which relies on nutrient diffusion)

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16
Q

what bones make up the floor of the nasal cavities?

A

palatine process of maxillary bone + some palatine bone

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17
Q

what bones make up the lateral walls of the nasal cavities?

A

superior, middle and inferior conchae + some maxillary, sphenoid and palatine bones

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18
Q

what are the 3 types of mucosa present in the nasal cavities?

A
  1. keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
  2. respiratory epithelium
  3. olfactory epithelium
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19
Q

which mucosa is present in the vestibule of the nasal cavity (very first part) and has a protective function?

A

keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

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20
Q

what mucosa covers the majority of the nasal cavities?

A

respiratory epithelium

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21
Q

what mucosa covers the smell-sensing olfactory area of the nasal cavities?

A

olfactory mucosa

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22
Q

what is the only function of CN I

A

special sensory function- smell

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23
Q

Describe the route of the 1st neurones in the olfactory nerve chain?

A

individual receptor cells start in olfactory mucosa and pass through cribriform plate of ethmoid bone till they synapse at olfactory bulb

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24
Q

which lobe does the olfactory tract end in?

A

temporal lobe

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25
Q

which cranial nerve supplies special sense of smell to olfactory mucosa in the nasal cavities?

A

olfactory nerve

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26
Q

which cranial nerve supplies somatic sensory nerve supply to the nasal cavities? (not-specific)

A

trigeminal nerve

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27
Q

specifically, what nerves supply the anterosuperior section of the nasal cavity?

A

anterior and posterior ethmoidal branches of the nasociliary nerve- a branch of the opthalmic division of trigeminal nerve

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28
Q

specifically, what nerves supply the posteroinferior section of the nasal cavity?

A

nasopalatine and greater palatine nerves- branches of the maxillary division of trigeminal nerve

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29
Q

what are the main arteries which supply the nasal cavities? (non-specific)

A

facial artery
maxillary artery
ophthalmic artery

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30
Q

is the facial artery a branch of the internal or external carotid?

A

external carotid

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31
Q

is the maxillary artery a branch of the internal or external carotid?

A

external carotid

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32
Q

is the ophthalmic artery a branch of the internal or external carotid?

A

internal carotid

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33
Q

what branches of the facial artery (of the external carotid artery) supply the nasal cavities?

A

at septum: septal branch of superior labial branch of facial artery
at lateral wall: lateral nasal branch of facial artery

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34
Q

what branches of the maxillary artery (of the external carotid artery) supply the nasal cavities?

A

sphenopalatine and greater palatine arteries of the maxillary artery
(medially and laterally)

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35
Q

what branches of the ophthalmic artery (of the internal carotid artery) supply the nasal cavities?

A

anterior and posterior ethmoidal branches of the ophthalmic artery

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36
Q

what is Kisselbach’s area?

A

an arterial anastomosis on the nasal septum, found just inside nasal vestibule

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37
Q

what is clinically relevant about Kisselbach’s area?

A

a common site of epistaxis (nose bleeds)

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38
Q

what are the arteries which supply Kisselbach’s area?

A

septal branch of superior Labial (of facial)
anterior and posterior Ethmoidal (of ophthalmic)
Greater palatine (of maxillary)
Sphenopalatine (of maxillary)

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39
Q

compare inferior conchae to middle and superior conchae?

A

inferior conchae is a bone in it’s own right

middle and superior conchae are part of the ethmoid bone

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40
Q

there are spaces just below each nasal conchae, what are these called?

A

a meatus

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41
Q

what are the 4 nasal meatuses?

A

sphenoethmoidal recess
superior meatus
middle meatus
inferior meatus

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42
Q

what sinuses drain into the nasal meatuses?

A

paranasal sinuses

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43
Q

what are ostia?

A

holes within the nasal meatuses of the lateral walls which allow drainage of mucous from the paranasal sinuses

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44
Q

what are paranasal sinuses?

A

air-filed spaces within bones of cranium

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45
Q

what are the 4 types of paranasal sinuses?

A

frontal sinuses x2
maxillary sinuses (antra) x2
ethmoidal air cells x2
spphenoidal sinuses x1/2

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46
Q

what are the frontal sinuses separated by?

A

bony septum

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47
Q

what type of mucosa lines the para-nasal sinuses?

A

respiratory mucosa

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48
Q

mucous drains into the nasal cavities from the paranasal sinuses via what?

A

ostia

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49
Q

what meatus does mucous from frontal sinuses drain into?

A

middle meatus

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50
Q

what meatus does mucous from ethmoidal air cells drain into?

A

superior and middle meatus

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51
Q

what meatus does mucous from sphenoid sinuses drain into?

A

sphenoethmoidal recess

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52
Q

what meatus does mucous from the maxillary sinuses drain into?

A

middle meatus

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53
Q

what meatus does lacrimal fluid from lacrimal glands drain into?

A

inferior meatus

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54
Q

why can cold weather or smoking cause sinusitis?

A

cold weather/smoke can interfere with cilia movement so less mucous is drained out leading to infection

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55
Q

what causes the feeling of a blocked nose?

A

mucosa swelling up

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56
Q

why can a viral URTI cause sinusitis?

A

mucosa swells up so reduces the diameter of ostia, mucous can’t get out so will lead to infection

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57
Q

what nerves supply painful sensation of sinuses? (as in sinusitis)

A

CN V1 and V2

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58
Q

where is sinusitis pain often referred?

A

teeth

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59
Q

which sinuses are the most predisposed to sinusitis?

A

maxillary sinus

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60
Q

why is the maxillary sinus most predisposed to sinusitis?

A

the mucous has to drain against gravity

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61
Q

what cranial bone contains the organs of hearing and balance?

A

temporal bone

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62
Q

what cranial nerves does the temporal bone contain?

A
  • facial nerve

- vestibulocochlear nerves

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63
Q

what are the 2 parts of the temporal bone?

A

petrous part

squamour part

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64
Q

what is the pterion of the skull?

A

the thinnest part of the skull

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65
Q

what bones is the pterion of the skull made of?

A

sphenoid,
parietal,
temporal,
frontal

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66
Q

what fossa does the TMJ sit in?

A

mandibular fossa

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67
Q

which bones are part of the anterior cranial fossa?

A

frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid

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68
Q

which bones are part of the middle cranial fossa?

A

sphenoid and temporal

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69
Q

which bones are part of the posterior cranial fossa?

A

tempora and occipital

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70
Q

whaich foramen in the base of the skull does CN I enter/leave through?

A

cribriform plate of the ethmoid

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71
Q

which foramen in the base of the skull does CN II enter/leave through?

A

optic canal

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72
Q

which foramen in the base of the skull does CN III enter/leave through?

A

superior orbital fissure

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73
Q

which foramen in the base of the skull does CN IV enter/leave through?

A

superior orbital fissure

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74
Q

which foramen in the base of the skull does CN Va enter/leave through?

A

superior orbital fissure

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75
Q

which foramen in the base of the skull does CN Vb enter/leave through?

A

foramen rotundum

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76
Q

which foramen in the base of the skull does CN Vc enter/leave through?

A

foramen ovale

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77
Q

which foramen in the base of the skull does CN VI enter/leave through?

A

superior orbital fissure

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78
Q

which foramen in the base of the skull does CN VII enter/leave through?

A

internal acoustic meatus

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79
Q

which foramen in the base of the skull does CN VIII enter/leave through?

A

internal acoustic meatus

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80
Q

which foramen in the base of the skull does CN IX enter/leave through?

A

jugular foramen

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81
Q

which foramen in the base of the skull does CN X enter/leave through?

A

jugular foramen

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82
Q

which foramen in the base of the skull does CN XI enter/leave through?

A

jugular foramen

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83
Q

which foramen in the base of the skull does CN XII enter/leave through?

A

hypoglossal canal

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84
Q

what is the external ear flap called?

A

auricle or pinna

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85
Q

what is the external ear made up of?

A

auricle to tympanic membrane

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86
Q

what is the name of the canal which carries sound from auricle to tympanic membrane?

A

external acoustic meatus

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87
Q

what is the middle ear made up of?

A

tympanic membrane to oval window

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88
Q

what is the internal ear made up of?

A

oval window to internal acoustic meatus

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89
Q

what is the function of the external ear?

A

collects and conveys sound waves to tympanic membrane

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90
Q

what is the function of the middle ear?

A

amplifies and conducts sound waves to the internal ear

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91
Q

what is the function of the internal ear?

A

converts special sensory information into fluid waves then into APs which are taken to the brain

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92
Q

which part of the temporal bones is involved in the external ear?

A

petrous part and squamous part

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93
Q

what is the ratio of cartilage to bone within the ear canal? (external acoustic meatus)

A

1/3 cartilage

2/3 bony

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94
Q

the ear canal produces ear wax via which glands?

A

ceruminous glands

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95
Q

what is the name of the elevated part of the auricle which sticks out? (around the superior border of the auricle)

A

helix

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96
Q

what is the main sensory supplier of the auricle?

A

C2,3 spinal nerve

97
Q

what is the sensory supply of the external acoustic meatus and external tympanic membrane?

A

mainly CN V3

also some CN X

98
Q

what nerve supplies a small amount of sensory innervation around the external acoustic meatus entrance?

A

CN VII

99
Q

where does lymph from the lateral surface of the superior half of the auricle drain?

A

parotid lymph nodes

100
Q

where does lymph from the cranial surface of the superior half of the auricle drain?

A

mastoid lymph nodes

some go to deep cervical

101
Q

where does lymph from the auricle (excluding superior surfaces) go?

A

superficial cervical lymph nodes

102
Q

compare which way you pull the auricle for an otoscopic examination for children and adults?

A

children: pull auricle posteroinferiorly
adults: pull auricle posterosuperiorly

103
Q

what is the umbo of the tympanic membrane?

A

the most inwardly depressed part of the tympanic membrane

104
Q

what is the pars flaccida of the tympanic membrane?

A

the thin part of the tympanic membrane

105
Q

where is the pars flaccida of the tympanic membrane located?

A

superiorly

106
Q

what is the pars tensa of the tympanic membrane?

A

the thick part of the tympanic membrane

107
Q

where is the pars tensa of the tympanic membrane located?

A

posteroinferiorly

108
Q

what is the sensory supply of the internal tympanic membrane?

A

CN IX

109
Q

what does the eustachian tube connect?

A

middle ear cavity to nasopharynx

110
Q

why can tonsilitis or pharyngitis mimic earache?

A

referred pain since both are all are supplied by CN IX

111
Q

what are the auditory ossicles?

A

the 3 bones of the middle ear

112
Q

what type of joints do the auditory ossicles articulate via?

A

synovial joints

113
Q

what is the name of the 3 auditory ossicles?

A

malleus
incus
stapes

114
Q

what bone is adhered to the internal tympanic membrane and creates the umbo?

A

malleus

115
Q

the base of what bone fits into the oval window?

A

stapes

116
Q

what is the name of the area within the middle ear which is superior to the tympanic membrane?

A

epitympanic recess

117
Q

what is the name of the area within the middle ear which is posterior to the tympanic membrane?

A

tympanic cavity

118
Q

what is the aditus?

A

the connection from the epitympanic recess to the mastoid process

119
Q

why can infection spread from middle ear cavity to mastoid process and cause mastoiditis?

A

infection can spread through aditus

120
Q

what is the name of the bony swelling on the medial wall of the tympanic cavity formed by the cochlea of the internal ear?

A

promontory

121
Q

which semicircular canal of the internal ear forms a bony prominence on the medial wall of the tympanic cavity?

A

lateral semicircular canal

122
Q

what are the functions of the facial nerve? (ie motor or sensory etc)

A

motor
sensory
special sensory
parasympathetic

123
Q

the facial canal connects what foraminae?

A

interal acoustic meatus to stylomastoid foramen

124
Q

what is the stapedius?

A

a muscle which reduces the stapes movement to protect the internal ear from excessive noise

125
Q

what is the chorda tympani?

A

a branch from the CN VII

126
Q

what is the function of the chorda tympani?

A
  • special sensory to anterior 2/3 of tongue

- parasympathetic supply to sublingual and submandibular glands

127
Q

what part of the temporal bone is the CN VII within?

A

petrous part of the temporal bone

128
Q

what nerve innervates the stapedius?

A

a branch of CN VII

129
Q

where does the chorda tympani branch off of the facial nerve?

A

just before the stylomastoid foramen

130
Q

what nerve does the chorda tympani hitch a lift with to the tongue?

A

the lingual nerve of CN V3

131
Q

what part of the temporal bone is the internal ear in?

A

petrous part

132
Q

what are the 2 parts of the vestibulocochlear nerve?

A

cochlear nerve

vestibular nerve

133
Q

what is the function of the cochlear nerve?

A

hearing

134
Q

what is the function of the vestibular nerve?

A

balance

135
Q

what is the otic capsule/bony labyrinth?

A

the rigid, bony outer wall of the inner ear within the temporal bone

136
Q

what fluid fills the bony labyrinth?

A

perilymph

137
Q

what is suspended within the perilymph within the ebony labyrinth?

A

membranous labyrinth

138
Q

what fluid is within the membranous labyrinth?

A

endolymph

139
Q

what is the name of the spiral part of the inner ear?

A

cochlea

140
Q

what is the name of the apex of the cochlea?

A

cupula

141
Q

once pressure waves within the internal ear are detected, where do they become dampened?

A

at the round window

142
Q

what is the name of the band of tissue which binds the tongue to the floor of the month?

A

frenulum

143
Q

what is a tongue tie?

A

when the frenulum is too short so you can’t stick your tongue out as far

144
Q

what are the 3 major salivary glands?

A

parotid x2
submandibular x2
sublingual x2

145
Q

what muscles does the parotid duct pierce?

A

the buccinator

146
Q

what papilla does the parotid duct open onto?

A

parotid papilla

147
Q

what papilla does the submandibular duct open onto?

A

sublingual papilla

148
Q

where is the parotid gland and duct in relation to the masseter?

A

superficial to the masseter

149
Q

what is the muscle of the floor of the mouth?

A

mylohyoid

150
Q

where is the sublingual gland?

A

in the floor of the mouth

151
Q

which nerve supplies the submandibular gland with parasympathetic innervation?

A

chorda tympani of the facial nerve

152
Q

which nerve supplies the sublingual gland with parasympathetic innervation?

A

chorda tympani of the facial nerve

153
Q

which nerve supplies the parotid gland with parasympathetic innervation?

A

glossopharyngeal nerve

154
Q

what nerve does the glossopharyngeal nerve hitch a ride with to get to the parotid gland?

A

auriculotemporal branch of CN V3

155
Q

what mucosa covers the tongue?

A

lingual mucosa

156
Q

what nerve supplies taste to the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue?

A

chorda tympani of facial nerve

157
Q

what nerve supplies general sensory supply to the anterior 2/3 of tongue?

A

CN V3

158
Q

what nerve supplies general sensory supply to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

A

CN IX

159
Q

what is the origin of the thyroid gland?

A

foramen caecum

160
Q

where is the foramen caecum?

A

at the apex of the terminal groove

161
Q

what does the terminal groove divide?

A

the anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 of tongue

162
Q

where can thyroglossal duct cysts or ectopic thyroid tissue be found?

A

any position in the midline migratory path

163
Q

why do thyroid swellings move superior then inferiorly on swallowing?

A

due to attachment to the larynx

164
Q

what are the 4 pairs of extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

hyoglossus
palatoglossus
styloglossus
genioglossus

165
Q

how many pairs of intrinsic tongue muscles are there?

A

4 pairs

166
Q

compare the function of extrinsic and intrinsic tongue muscles?

A

extrinsic- change position of tongue

intrinsic- change shape of tongue

167
Q

in unilateral CN XII damage, when sticking the tongue out, will the tip point towards or away from the side of injury?

A

towards

168
Q

where is the hypoglossal nerve in relation to the loop of the lingual artery?

A

lateral to the loop

169
Q

what fossa do the palatine tonsils sit in?

A

tonsillar fossa

170
Q

which blood vessels are important for absorbing sublingual medication?

A

lingual veins

171
Q

what does the hyoglossus attach the tongue to?

A

the hyoid bone

172
Q

what does the stylogossus attach the tongue to?

A

the styloid process

173
Q

what does the palatoglossus attach the tongue to?

A

the soft palate

174
Q

what does the genioglossus attach the tongue to?

A

the genial tubercles

175
Q

what are the 5 pairs of muscles of the soft palate?

A 
levator veli palatini
tensor veli palatini
palatoglossus
palatopharyngeus
musculus uvulae
176
Q

what is the funciton of the levator veli palatini?

A

lifts the soft palate

177
Q

what is the function of the tensor veli palatini?

A

tenses the soft palate

178
Q

what muscles of the soft palate make up the arches?

A

anterior arch = palatoglossus

posterior arch = palatopharyngeus

179
Q

what is the tonsillar fossa?

A

a space bounded by the arches of the soft palate

180
Q

what nerve supplies motor function to the hyoglossus?

A

the hypoglossal nerve

181
Q

what nerve supplies motor function to the palatoglossus?

A

vagus nerve

182
Q

what nerve supplies motor function to the styloglossus?

A

hypoglossal nerve

183
Q

what nerve supplies motor function to the genioglossus?

A

hypoglossal nerve

184
Q

what nerve supplies motor function to the palatopharyngeus?

A

vagus nerve

185
Q

what nerve supplies motor function to the tensor veli palatini?

A

CN V3

186
Q

what nerve supplies motor function to the levator veli palatini?

A

vagus nerve

187
Q

what nerve supplies motor function to the musculus uvulae?

A

vague nerve

188
Q

if there is unilateral CN X or CN V3 nerve pathology, will the uvula be pushed towards or pulled away from the non-functioning side?

A

pushed away from

189
Q

what nerves are tested by looking at if the uvula lifts in the midline?

A

CN V3 and X

190
Q

what nerves are tested by looking at if the tip of the tongue sticks out in the midline?

A

CN XII

191
Q

what are the different constrictor muscles of the pharynx?

A

superior, middle, inferior

192
Q

what do all the pharyngeal constrictor muscles insert onto?

A

the midline raphe

193
Q

are pharyngeal constrictor muscles skeletal muscles or smooth?

A

skeletal

194
Q

what nerve supplies the pharyngeal constrictor muscles?

A

vagus

195
Q

what muscle makes up the upper oesophageal sphincter?

A

cricopharyngeus

196
Q

what tubercle does the midline raphe or the posterior pharynx start at superiorly?

A

pharyneal tubercle of the occipital bone

197
Q

what are the 3 pairs of longitudinal muscles of the pharynx?

A

palatopharyngeus
stylopharyngeus
salpingopharyngeus

198
Q

what does the stylopharyngeus attach the pharynx to?

A

styloid process

199
Q

what does the palatopharyngeus attach the pharynx to?

A

soft palate

200
Q

what does the salpingopharyngeus attach the pharynx to?

A

the cartilage of the eustachian tube

201
Q

what nerve supplies motor innervation to the salpingopharyngeus?

A

vagus

202
Q

what nerve supplies motor innervation to the stylopharyngeus?

A

glossopharyngeal

203
Q

what are the known as the internal nostrils?

A

choana

204
Q

what is the opening that connects the pharynx to the larynx?

A

the laryngeal inlet

205
Q

what tonsils are found in the tonsillar fossa?

A

palatine tonsils

206
Q

which tonsils are found in the mucosa of the posterior 1/3 of tongue?

A

lingual tonsils

207
Q

which tonsils are found in the mucosa of the eustachian of tube opening?

A

tubal tonsils

208
Q

which tonsils are found in the mucosa of the roof of the nasopharynx?

A

pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)

209
Q

where is ‘palate associated lymphoid tissue’ found?

A

in the mucosa of the soft palate

210
Q

which lymph node drains the palatine tonsil?

A

jugulo-digastric node

211
Q

wichin which layer of the pretrachial fascia is the larynx within?

A

visceral layer

212
Q

what 5 important structures are enclosed within the pretracheal fascia of the neck?

A
  • strap muscles
  • larynx and trachea
  • pharynx and oesophagus
  • thyroid gland
  • recurrent laryngeal nerves
213
Q

at what vertebral level is the larynx found?

A

C4-6

214
Q

at what vertebral level is the hyoid bone found?

A

C3

215
Q

at what vertebral level is the cricoid cartilage found?

A

C6

216
Q

at what vertebral level does the larynx become the trachea?

A

C6

217
Q

at which vertebral level does the pharynx become the oesophagus?

A

C6

218
Q

what is the name of the tissue that connects the thyroid cartilage to the hyoid bone?

A

thyrohyoid membrane

219
Q

what is the name of the tissue between the thyroid cartilage and the cricoid cartilage?

A

cricothyroid membrane

220
Q

what smooth muscle completes the posterior wall of the trachea?

A

trachealis

221
Q

what movement does the cricothyroid joint allow?

A

‘nodding’ AP movmenet

222
Q

what type of joint is the cricothyroid joint?

A

synovial

223
Q

what do the vocal cords attach between?

A

internal aspect of thyroid cartilage and vocal processes of arytenoid

224
Q

what is the name of the space between the tongue and the epiglottis?

A

vallecula

225
Q

what type of epithelium lines the larynx?

A

respiratory epithelium

226
Q

what type of epithelium lines the true vocal cords?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

227
Q

compare the locations of false and true vocal cords?

A

false are more superior

228
Q

what are the false vocal cords actually?

A

vestibular folds

229
Q

which nerve supplies sensory innervation to the laryngeal mucosa superior to the vocal cords?

A

superior laryngeal branches of vagus

230
Q

which nerve supplies sensory innervation to the laryngeal mucosa of the vocal folds and inferior?

A

inferior laryngeal branches of vagus

231
Q

what is the inferior laryngeal nerve a continuation of?

A

the recurrent laryngeal nerve

232
Q

what nerve supplies the larynx with motor innervation?

A

vagus

233
Q

what is the function of the cricothyroid muscles?

A

tense the vocal cords

234
Q

what is the function of the thyro-arytenoid muscles?

A

relax the vocal cords

235
Q

what is the function of the lateral crico-arytenoid muscles?

A

adduct the vocal cords

236
Q

what is the function of the arytenoid muscles?

A

adduct the vocal cords

237
Q

what happens when the arytenoid muscles and cricothyroid muscles contract?

A

tight closure of the airway sphincter

238
Q

what is the function of the posterior crico-arytenoid muscles?

A

abduct the vocal cords

ENT (5 decks)

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