Anatomy Flashcards
in embryology, during what weeks do the pharyngeal arches develop?
weeks 4/5
in embryology, the pharyngeal arches are externally separated by what?
pharyngeal clefts
pharyngeal clefts are made of what- endoderm, mesoderm or ectoderm?
ectoderm
in embryology, the pharyngeal arches are internally separated by what?
pharyngeal pouches
pharyngeal pouches are made of what- endoderm, mesoderm or ectoderm?
endoderm
what type of cartilage is nasal cartilage?
hyaline cartilage
what is the medical name for the bridge of the nose?
the dorsum of the nose
what is the medical name for the wings of the nose?
ala
alae is pleural
what is the name for the vertical groove between the base of the nose and the upper border of the lip?
philtrum of the upper lip
how does cartilage obtain it’s nutrients?
nutrient diffusion from other structures
what bones make up the roof of the nasal cavities?
cribriform plate of ethmoid bone (mainly)
+ some sphenoid bone and some frontal bone
what bones make up the septum of the nose?
perpendicular plate of ethmoid + vomer
which Le Fort fractures disrupt the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone?
Le Fort 2
Le Fort 3
what separates the nasal cavities from the anterior cranial fossa?
the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
why must a nasal septal haematoma be incised and drained?
to prevent avascular necrosis of the septal cartilage (which relies on nutrient diffusion)
what bones make up the floor of the nasal cavities?
palatine process of maxillary bone + some palatine bone
what bones make up the lateral walls of the nasal cavities?
superior, middle and inferior conchae + some maxillary, sphenoid and palatine bones
what are the 3 types of mucosa present in the nasal cavities?
- keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
- respiratory epithelium
- olfactory epithelium
which mucosa is present in the vestibule of the nasal cavity (very first part) and has a protective function?
keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
what mucosa covers the majority of the nasal cavities?
respiratory epithelium
what mucosa covers the smell-sensing olfactory area of the nasal cavities?
olfactory mucosa
what is the only function of CN I
special sensory function- smell
Describe the route of the 1st neurones in the olfactory nerve chain?
individual receptor cells start in olfactory mucosa and pass through cribriform plate of ethmoid bone till they synapse at olfactory bulb
which lobe does the olfactory tract end in?
temporal lobe
which cranial nerve supplies special sense of smell to olfactory mucosa in the nasal cavities?
olfactory nerve
which cranial nerve supplies somatic sensory nerve supply to the nasal cavities? (not-specific)
trigeminal nerve
specifically, what nerves supply the anterosuperior section of the nasal cavity?
anterior and posterior ethmoidal branches of the nasociliary nerve- a branch of the opthalmic division of trigeminal nerve
specifically, what nerves supply the posteroinferior section of the nasal cavity?
nasopalatine and greater palatine nerves- branches of the maxillary division of trigeminal nerve
what are the main arteries which supply the nasal cavities? (non-specific)
facial artery
maxillary artery
ophthalmic artery
is the facial artery a branch of the internal or external carotid?
external carotid
is the maxillary artery a branch of the internal or external carotid?
external carotid
is the ophthalmic artery a branch of the internal or external carotid?
internal carotid
what branches of the facial artery (of the external carotid artery) supply the nasal cavities?
at septum: septal branch of superior labial branch of facial artery
at lateral wall: lateral nasal branch of facial artery
what branches of the maxillary artery (of the external carotid artery) supply the nasal cavities?
sphenopalatine and greater palatine arteries of the maxillary artery
(medially and laterally)
what branches of the ophthalmic artery (of the internal carotid artery) supply the nasal cavities?
anterior and posterior ethmoidal branches of the ophthalmic artery
what is Kisselbach’s area?
an arterial anastomosis on the nasal septum, found just inside nasal vestibule
what is clinically relevant about Kisselbach’s area?
a common site of epistaxis (nose bleeds)
what are the arteries which supply Kisselbach’s area?
septal branch of superior Labial (of facial)
anterior and posterior Ethmoidal (of ophthalmic)
Greater palatine (of maxillary)
Sphenopalatine (of maxillary)
compare inferior conchae to middle and superior conchae?
inferior conchae is a bone in it’s own right
middle and superior conchae are part of the ethmoid bone
there are spaces just below each nasal conchae, what are these called?
a meatus
what are the 4 nasal meatuses?
sphenoethmoidal recess
superior meatus
middle meatus
inferior meatus
what sinuses drain into the nasal meatuses?
paranasal sinuses
what are ostia?
holes within the nasal meatuses of the lateral walls which allow drainage of mucous from the paranasal sinuses
what are paranasal sinuses?
air-filed spaces within bones of cranium
what are the 4 types of paranasal sinuses?
frontal sinuses x2
maxillary sinuses (antra) x2
ethmoidal air cells x2
spphenoidal sinuses x1/2
what are the frontal sinuses separated by?
bony septum
what type of mucosa lines the para-nasal sinuses?
respiratory mucosa
mucous drains into the nasal cavities from the paranasal sinuses via what?
ostia
what meatus does mucous from frontal sinuses drain into?
middle meatus
what meatus does mucous from ethmoidal air cells drain into?
superior and middle meatus
what meatus does mucous from sphenoid sinuses drain into?
sphenoethmoidal recess
what meatus does mucous from the maxillary sinuses drain into?
middle meatus
what meatus does lacrimal fluid from lacrimal glands drain into?
inferior meatus
why can cold weather or smoking cause sinusitis?
cold weather/smoke can interfere with cilia movement so less mucous is drained out leading to infection
what causes the feeling of a blocked nose?
mucosa swelling up
why can a viral URTI cause sinusitis?
mucosa swells up so reduces the diameter of ostia, mucous can’t get out so will lead to infection
what nerves supply painful sensation of sinuses? (as in sinusitis)
CN V1 and V2
where is sinusitis pain often referred?
teeth
which sinuses are the most predisposed to sinusitis?
maxillary sinus
why is the maxillary sinus most predisposed to sinusitis?
the mucous has to drain against gravity
what cranial bone contains the organs of hearing and balance?
temporal bone
what cranial nerves does the temporal bone contain?
- facial nerve
- vestibulocochlear nerves
what are the 2 parts of the temporal bone?
petrous part
squamour part
what is the pterion of the skull?
the thinnest part of the skull
what bones is the pterion of the skull made of?
sphenoid,
parietal,
temporal,
frontal
what fossa does the TMJ sit in?
mandibular fossa
which bones are part of the anterior cranial fossa?
frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid
which bones are part of the middle cranial fossa?
sphenoid and temporal
which bones are part of the posterior cranial fossa?
tempora and occipital
whaich foramen in the base of the skull does CN I enter/leave through?
cribriform plate of the ethmoid
which foramen in the base of the skull does CN II enter/leave through?
optic canal
which foramen in the base of the skull does CN III enter/leave through?
superior orbital fissure
which foramen in the base of the skull does CN IV enter/leave through?
superior orbital fissure
which foramen in the base of the skull does CN Va enter/leave through?
superior orbital fissure
which foramen in the base of the skull does CN Vb enter/leave through?
foramen rotundum
which foramen in the base of the skull does CN Vc enter/leave through?
foramen ovale
which foramen in the base of the skull does CN VI enter/leave through?
superior orbital fissure
which foramen in the base of the skull does CN VII enter/leave through?
internal acoustic meatus
which foramen in the base of the skull does CN VIII enter/leave through?
internal acoustic meatus
which foramen in the base of the skull does CN IX enter/leave through?
jugular foramen
which foramen in the base of the skull does CN X enter/leave through?
jugular foramen
which foramen in the base of the skull does CN XI enter/leave through?
jugular foramen
which foramen in the base of the skull does CN XII enter/leave through?
hypoglossal canal
what is the external ear flap called?
auricle or pinna
what is the external ear made up of?
auricle to tympanic membrane
what is the name of the canal which carries sound from auricle to tympanic membrane?
external acoustic meatus
what is the middle ear made up of?
tympanic membrane to oval window
what is the internal ear made up of?
oval window to internal acoustic meatus
what is the function of the external ear?
collects and conveys sound waves to tympanic membrane
what is the function of the middle ear?
amplifies and conducts sound waves to the internal ear
what is the function of the internal ear?
converts special sensory information into fluid waves then into APs which are taken to the brain
which part of the temporal bones is involved in the external ear?
petrous part and squamous part
what is the ratio of cartilage to bone within the ear canal? (external acoustic meatus)
1/3 cartilage
2/3 bony
the ear canal produces ear wax via which glands?
ceruminous glands
what is the name of the elevated part of the auricle which sticks out? (around the superior border of the auricle)
helix
what is the main sensory supplier of the auricle?
C2,3 spinal nerve
what is the sensory supply of the external acoustic meatus and external tympanic membrane?
mainly CN V3
also some CN X
what nerve supplies a small amount of sensory innervation around the external acoustic meatus entrance?
CN VII
where does lymph from the lateral surface of the superior half of the auricle drain?
parotid lymph nodes
where does lymph from the cranial surface of the superior half of the auricle drain?
mastoid lymph nodes
some go to deep cervical
where does lymph from the auricle (excluding superior surfaces) go?
superficial cervical lymph nodes
compare which way you pull the auricle for an otoscopic examination for children and adults?
children: pull auricle posteroinferiorly
adults: pull auricle posterosuperiorly
what is the umbo of the tympanic membrane?
the most inwardly depressed part of the tympanic membrane
what is the pars flaccida of the tympanic membrane?
the thin part of the tympanic membrane
where is the pars flaccida of the tympanic membrane located?
superiorly
what is the pars tensa of the tympanic membrane?
the thick part of the tympanic membrane
where is the pars tensa of the tympanic membrane located?
posteroinferiorly
what is the sensory supply of the internal tympanic membrane?
CN IX
what does the eustachian tube connect?
middle ear cavity to nasopharynx
why can tonsilitis or pharyngitis mimic earache?
referred pain since both are all are supplied by CN IX
what are the auditory ossicles?
the 3 bones of the middle ear
what type of joints do the auditory ossicles articulate via?
synovial joints
what is the name of the 3 auditory ossicles?
malleus
incus
stapes
what bone is adhered to the internal tympanic membrane and creates the umbo?
malleus
the base of what bone fits into the oval window?
stapes
what is the name of the area within the middle ear which is superior to the tympanic membrane?
epitympanic recess
what is the name of the area within the middle ear which is posterior to the tympanic membrane?
tympanic cavity
what is the aditus?
the connection from the epitympanic recess to the mastoid process
why can infection spread from middle ear cavity to mastoid process and cause mastoiditis?
infection can spread through aditus
what is the name of the bony swelling on the medial wall of the tympanic cavity formed by the cochlea of the internal ear?
promontory
which semicircular canal of the internal ear forms a bony prominence on the medial wall of the tympanic cavity?
lateral semicircular canal
what are the functions of the facial nerve? (ie motor or sensory etc)
motor
sensory
special sensory
parasympathetic
the facial canal connects what foraminae?
interal acoustic meatus to stylomastoid foramen
what is the stapedius?
a muscle which reduces the stapes movement to protect the internal ear from excessive noise
what is the chorda tympani?
a branch from the CN VII
what is the function of the chorda tympani?
- special sensory to anterior 2/3 of tongue
- parasympathetic supply to sublingual and submandibular glands
what part of the temporal bone is the CN VII within?
petrous part of the temporal bone
what nerve innervates the stapedius?
a branch of CN VII
where does the chorda tympani branch off of the facial nerve?
just before the stylomastoid foramen
what nerve does the chorda tympani hitch a lift with to the tongue?
the lingual nerve of CN V3
what part of the temporal bone is the internal ear in?
petrous part
what are the 2 parts of the vestibulocochlear nerve?
cochlear nerve
vestibular nerve
what is the function of the cochlear nerve?
hearing
what is the function of the vestibular nerve?
balance
what is the otic capsule/bony labyrinth?
the rigid, bony outer wall of the inner ear within the temporal bone
what fluid fills the bony labyrinth?
perilymph
what is suspended within the perilymph within the ebony labyrinth?
membranous labyrinth
what fluid is within the membranous labyrinth?
endolymph
what is the name of the spiral part of the inner ear?
cochlea
what is the name of the apex of the cochlea?
cupula
once pressure waves within the internal ear are detected, where do they become dampened?
at the round window
what is the name of the band of tissue which binds the tongue to the floor of the month?
frenulum
what is a tongue tie?
when the frenulum is too short so you can’t stick your tongue out as far
what are the 3 major salivary glands?
parotid x2
submandibular x2
sublingual x2
what muscles does the parotid duct pierce?
the buccinator
what papilla does the parotid duct open onto?
parotid papilla
what papilla does the submandibular duct open onto?
sublingual papilla
where is the parotid gland and duct in relation to the masseter?
superficial to the masseter
what is the muscle of the floor of the mouth?
mylohyoid
where is the sublingual gland?
in the floor of the mouth
which nerve supplies the submandibular gland with parasympathetic innervation?
chorda tympani of the facial nerve
which nerve supplies the sublingual gland with parasympathetic innervation?
chorda tympani of the facial nerve
which nerve supplies the parotid gland with parasympathetic innervation?
glossopharyngeal nerve
what nerve does the glossopharyngeal nerve hitch a ride with to get to the parotid gland?
auriculotemporal branch of CN V3
what mucosa covers the tongue?
lingual mucosa
what nerve supplies taste to the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue?
chorda tympani of facial nerve
what nerve supplies general sensory supply to the anterior 2/3 of tongue?
CN V3
what nerve supplies general sensory supply to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?
CN IX
what is the origin of the thyroid gland?
foramen caecum
where is the foramen caecum?
at the apex of the terminal groove
what does the terminal groove divide?
the anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 of tongue
where can thyroglossal duct cysts or ectopic thyroid tissue be found?
any position in the midline migratory path
why do thyroid swellings move superior then inferiorly on swallowing?
due to attachment to the larynx
what are the 4 pairs of extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
hyoglossus
palatoglossus
styloglossus
genioglossus
how many pairs of intrinsic tongue muscles are there?
4 pairs
compare the function of extrinsic and intrinsic tongue muscles?
extrinsic- change position of tongue
intrinsic- change shape of tongue
in unilateral CN XII damage, when sticking the tongue out, will the tip point towards or away from the side of injury?
towards
where is the hypoglossal nerve in relation to the loop of the lingual artery?
lateral to the loop
what fossa do the palatine tonsils sit in?
tonsillar fossa
which blood vessels are important for absorbing sublingual medication?
lingual veins
what does the hyoglossus attach the tongue to?
the hyoid bone
what does the stylogossus attach the tongue to?
the styloid process
what does the palatoglossus attach the tongue to?
the soft palate
what does the genioglossus attach the tongue to?
the genial tubercles
what are the 5 pairs of muscles of the soft palate?
levator veli palatini tensor veli palatini palatoglossus palatopharyngeus musculus uvulae
what is the funciton of the levator veli palatini?
lifts the soft palate
what is the function of the tensor veli palatini?
tenses the soft palate
what muscles of the soft palate make up the arches?
anterior arch = palatoglossus
posterior arch = palatopharyngeus
what is the tonsillar fossa?
a space bounded by the arches of the soft palate
what nerve supplies motor function to the hyoglossus?
the hypoglossal nerve
what nerve supplies motor function to the palatoglossus?
vagus nerve
what nerve supplies motor function to the styloglossus?
hypoglossal nerve
what nerve supplies motor function to the genioglossus?
hypoglossal nerve
what nerve supplies motor function to the palatopharyngeus?
vagus nerve
what nerve supplies motor function to the tensor veli palatini?
CN V3
what nerve supplies motor function to the levator veli palatini?
vagus nerve
what nerve supplies motor function to the musculus uvulae?
vague nerve
if there is unilateral CN X or CN V3 nerve pathology, will the uvula be pushed towards or pulled away from the non-functioning side?
pushed away from
what nerves are tested by looking at if the uvula lifts in the midline?
CN V3 and X
what nerves are tested by looking at if the tip of the tongue sticks out in the midline?
CN XII
what are the different constrictor muscles of the pharynx?
superior, middle, inferior
what do all the pharyngeal constrictor muscles insert onto?
the midline raphe
are pharyngeal constrictor muscles skeletal muscles or smooth?
skeletal
what nerve supplies the pharyngeal constrictor muscles?
vagus
what muscle makes up the upper oesophageal sphincter?
cricopharyngeus
what tubercle does the midline raphe or the posterior pharynx start at superiorly?
pharyneal tubercle of the occipital bone
what are the 3 pairs of longitudinal muscles of the pharynx?
palatopharyngeus
stylopharyngeus
salpingopharyngeus
what does the stylopharyngeus attach the pharynx to?
styloid process
what does the palatopharyngeus attach the pharynx to?
soft palate
what does the salpingopharyngeus attach the pharynx to?
the cartilage of the eustachian tube
what nerve supplies motor innervation to the salpingopharyngeus?
vagus
what nerve supplies motor innervation to the stylopharyngeus?
glossopharyngeal
what are the known as the internal nostrils?
choana
what is the opening that connects the pharynx to the larynx?
the laryngeal inlet
what tonsils are found in the tonsillar fossa?
palatine tonsils
which tonsils are found in the mucosa of the posterior 1/3 of tongue?
lingual tonsils
which tonsils are found in the mucosa of the eustachian of tube opening?
tubal tonsils
which tonsils are found in the mucosa of the roof of the nasopharynx?
pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
where is ‘palate associated lymphoid tissue’ found?
in the mucosa of the soft palate
which lymph node drains the palatine tonsil?
jugulo-digastric node
wichin which layer of the pretrachial fascia is the larynx within?
visceral layer
what 5 important structures are enclosed within the pretracheal fascia of the neck?
- strap muscles
- larynx and trachea
- pharynx and oesophagus
- thyroid gland
- recurrent laryngeal nerves
at what vertebral level is the larynx found?
C4-6
at what vertebral level is the hyoid bone found?
C3
at what vertebral level is the cricoid cartilage found?
C6
at what vertebral level does the larynx become the trachea?
C6
at which vertebral level does the pharynx become the oesophagus?
C6
what is the name of the tissue that connects the thyroid cartilage to the hyoid bone?
thyrohyoid membrane
what is the name of the tissue between the thyroid cartilage and the cricoid cartilage?
cricothyroid membrane
what smooth muscle completes the posterior wall of the trachea?
trachealis
what movement does the cricothyroid joint allow?
‘nodding’ AP movmenet
what type of joint is the cricothyroid joint?
synovial
what do the vocal cords attach between?
internal aspect of thyroid cartilage and vocal processes of arytenoid
what is the name of the space between the tongue and the epiglottis?
vallecula
what type of epithelium lines the larynx?
respiratory epithelium
what type of epithelium lines the true vocal cords?
stratified squamous epithelium
compare the locations of false and true vocal cords?
false are more superior
what are the false vocal cords actually?
vestibular folds
which nerve supplies sensory innervation to the laryngeal mucosa superior to the vocal cords?
superior laryngeal branches of vagus
which nerve supplies sensory innervation to the laryngeal mucosa of the vocal folds and inferior?
inferior laryngeal branches of vagus
what is the inferior laryngeal nerve a continuation of?
the recurrent laryngeal nerve
what nerve supplies the larynx with motor innervation?
vagus
what is the function of the cricothyroid muscles?
tense the vocal cords
what is the function of the thyro-arytenoid muscles?
relax the vocal cords
what is the function of the lateral crico-arytenoid muscles?
adduct the vocal cords
what is the function of the arytenoid muscles?
adduct the vocal cords
what happens when the arytenoid muscles and cricothyroid muscles contract?
tight closure of the airway sphincter
what is the function of the posterior crico-arytenoid muscles?
abduct the vocal cords
