Pathology Flashcards
what cells make up the outer ear?
epidermis
Stratified squamous epithelium
what cells make up the middle ear?
columnar lined mucosa
what is the biggest salivary gland?
parotid
what is otitis media?
inflammation of the middle ear
what is the most common cause of otitis media?
viral
if the otitis media is an acute infection what are the 3 most common bacterial pathogens?
- Strep pneumoniae
- H. influenzae
- Moxarella Catarrhalis
if the otitis media is a chronic infection what is the most common bacterial pathogen?
pseudomonas aeruginosa
what is a cholesteatoma?
abnormally situated squamous epithelium
what is a pathogenesis of a cholesteatoma?
- perforated tympanic membrane
- chronic otitis media
what is a schwannoma?
a benign tumour of a peripheral nerve sheath cell (schwannoma)
what is a vestibular schwannoma?
a schwannoma of the CN VIII
where are vestibular schwannomas located?
cerebellopontine angle of the temporal bone
if bilateral vestibular schwannomas are found in a young patient what should you consider?
neurofibromatosis type 2
do nasal polyps tend to be painful or painless?
painful
what vasculitis can present with lots of ENT problems?
GPA
what ANCA is involved in GPA?
cANCA
what is a nasal polyp?
an outpouching of mucosa
if there is a malignant carcinoma within the ENT system, what type is it likely to be?
squamous cell carcinoma
what is a schneiderian papilloma?
benign tumour of the respiratory epithelium of the nose
what virus has a strong association with nasopharyngeal carcinomas?
Epstein Barr Virus
what cells are very prominent in a nasopharyngeal carcinoma?
epithelial cells and lymphocytes
what is a laryngeal polyp or node?
a reactive change in mucosa secondary to vocal abuse, infection or smoking
compare laryngeal polyps to laryngeal nodes?
nodes are usually bilateral
polyps are unilateral and pedunculated
what is a contact ulcer?
benign response to injury (eg GORD)
a break in the epithelium below the basement membrane
squamous papillomas within the ENT system are related to exposure of what virus?
HPV types 6 and 11
low risk- ie benign lesions
what is a paraganglioma?
a tumour arisin in clusters of neuroendocrine cells
what is the difference between chromaffin positive and non-chromaffin paragangliomas?
chromaffin positive secrete catecholamines
non-chromaffin ones dont
what nervous system are chromaffin positive paragangliomas from?
sympathetic
where do non-chromaffin paraganggliomas tend to occur?
above the diaphragm
what type of MEN (multiple endocrine neoplasia) do paragangliomas fit with?
MEN 2
squamous cell carcinoma within the ENT system are related to exposure of what virus?
HPV type 16 and 18
high risk ie malignant lesions
what are the majority of squamous cell carcinomas in the ENT system caused by?
smoking and alcohol
what is sialolithiasis?
stones within the salivary glands
compare size of salivary gland a tumour is located in to the likelihood of it being malignant?
the smaller the gland the tumour is in, the more likely it is to malignant
what is the most common tumour of the salivary glands?
pleomorphic adenoma
benign
what salivary gland are pleomorphic adenomas more likely to occur in?
parotid
what has a strong association with Warthin’s tumour? (benign tumour of salivary gland)
smoking
what is the most common malignant tumour of the salivary glands?
mucoepidermoid carcinoma (worldwide) adenoid cystic carcinoma (UK)
