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ENT > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

what cells make up the outer ear?

A

epidermis

Stratified squamous epithelium

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2
Q

what cells make up the middle ear?

A

columnar lined mucosa

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3
Q

what is the biggest salivary gland?

A

parotid

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4
Q

what is otitis media?

A

inflammation of the middle ear

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5
Q

what is the most common cause of otitis media?

A

viral

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6
Q

if the otitis media is an acute infection what are the 3 most common bacterial pathogens?

A
  • Strep pneumoniae
  • H. influenzae
  • Moxarella Catarrhalis
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7
Q

if the otitis media is a chronic infection what is the most common bacterial pathogen?

A

pseudomonas aeruginosa

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8
Q

what is a cholesteatoma?

A

abnormally situated squamous epithelium

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9
Q

what is a pathogenesis of a cholesteatoma?

A
  • perforated tympanic membrane

- chronic otitis media

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10
Q

what is a schwannoma?

A

a benign tumour of a peripheral nerve sheath cell (schwannoma)

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11
Q

what is a vestibular schwannoma?

A

a schwannoma of the CN VIII

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12
Q

where are vestibular schwannomas located?

A

cerebellopontine angle of the temporal bone

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13
Q

if bilateral vestibular schwannomas are found in a young patient what should you consider?

A

neurofibromatosis type 2

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14
Q

do nasal polyps tend to be painful or painless?

A

painful

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15
Q

what vasculitis can present with lots of ENT problems?

A

GPA

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16
Q

what ANCA is involved in GPA?

A

cANCA

17
Q

what is a nasal polyp?

A

an outpouching of mucosa

18
Q

if there is a malignant carcinoma within the ENT system, what type is it likely to be?

A

squamous cell carcinoma

19
Q

what is a schneiderian papilloma?

A

benign tumour of the respiratory epithelium of the nose

20
Q

what virus has a strong association with nasopharyngeal carcinomas?

A

Epstein Barr Virus

21
Q

what cells are very prominent in a nasopharyngeal carcinoma?

A

epithelial cells and lymphocytes

22
Q

what is a laryngeal polyp or node?

A

a reactive change in mucosa secondary to vocal abuse, infection or smoking

23
Q

compare laryngeal polyps to laryngeal nodes?

A

nodes are usually bilateral

polyps are unilateral and pedunculated

24
Q

what is a contact ulcer?

A

benign response to injury (eg GORD)

a break in the epithelium below the basement membrane

25
Q

squamous papillomas within the ENT system are related to exposure of what virus?

A

HPV types 6 and 11

low risk- ie benign lesions

26
Q

what is a paraganglioma?

A

a tumour arisin in clusters of neuroendocrine cells

27
Q

what is the difference between chromaffin positive and non-chromaffin paragangliomas?

A

chromaffin positive secrete catecholamines

non-chromaffin ones dont

28
Q

what nervous system are chromaffin positive paragangliomas from?

A

sympathetic

29
Q

where do non-chromaffin paraganggliomas tend to occur?

A

above the diaphragm

30
Q

what type of MEN (multiple endocrine neoplasia) do paragangliomas fit with?

A

MEN 2

31
Q

squamous cell carcinoma within the ENT system are related to exposure of what virus?

A

HPV type 16 and 18

high risk ie malignant lesions

32
Q

what are the majority of squamous cell carcinomas in the ENT system caused by?

A

smoking and alcohol

33
Q

what is sialolithiasis?

A

stones within the salivary glands

34
Q

compare size of salivary gland a tumour is located in to the likelihood of it being malignant?

A

the smaller the gland the tumour is in, the more likely it is to malignant

35
Q

what is the most common tumour of the salivary glands?

A

pleomorphic adenoma

benign

36
Q

what salivary gland are pleomorphic adenomas more likely to occur in?

A

parotid

37
Q

what has a strong association with Warthin’s tumour? (benign tumour of salivary gland)

A

smoking

38
Q

what is the most common malignant tumour of the salivary glands?

A 
mucoepidermoid carcinoma (worldwide)
adenoid cystic carcinoma (UK)

ENT (5 decks)

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