Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Zoology 1 > Physiology 4: Respiration > Flashcards

Physiology 4: Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

What does respiration require?

A

O2 and C6H12O6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the by products of respiration?

A

CO2 and H20

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the issues that must be overcome in respiration?

A

O2 and glucose need to get to the cells
Co2 is toxic
Gases cross surface by diffusion only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Label the gas exchange formula (add photo)

A

R = rate of diffusion
ΔP = Diff in partial pressure
A = Surface area
T = Temp
S = solubility
D = distance
Mw = molecular weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 3 general components of respiratory systems?

A
  • Specialised surface where gas exchange takes place → need to be wet
  • Breathing mechanisms to bring fresh air / water to the surfaces
  • In some organisms circulatory mechanisms for transporting gases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the process of respiration in insects

A
  1. Air diffuses in through spiracles
  2. Enters tracheae
  3. These branch into tracheoles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe how insects use active ventilation

A

Trachea inflate and deflate to pump air through
Larger may also exhibit rhythmic body movements
Tidal ventilation via spiracles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why do insects close their spiracles?

A

Prevents water loss
Prevents debris from entering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why do insects have a high water loss potential?

A

Because they have a large SA:V

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How do insects maintain water loss

A

Must balance between losing water and gaining O2
Hairs around spiracles =decrease the diff gradient of water mols
Evolved hard cuticle
Close spiracles when environ is dry → air sacs store air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

In vertebrates, describe what happens to Hb O2 affinity at lower temps.

A

Higher O2 affinity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

In vertebrates, describe what happens to Hb O2 affinity at higher temps.

A

Lower affinity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe the Bohr effect.

A

(ore acidic) lower pH = lower affinity so haemoglobin readily dissociates O2

Co2 reacts with H2O = carbonic acid
Co2 dissolved in water lowers pH
Anaerobic resp = lactic acid (lowers pH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

In vertebrates, describe what happens to Hb O2 affinity at higher pH.

A

Lower affinity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

In vertebrates, describe what happens to Hb O2 affinity at lower pH.

A

Higher affinity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Foetal haemoglobin has a _____ _____ for O2 compared to adult

A

higher affinity

17
Q

What are O2 levels like in water?

A

Low

18
Q

Warmer saltier waters hold ____ O2

A

less oxygen → challenge for respiration

19
Q

Describe the gill filaments

A

Large SA
Capillary network
Thin membrane

20
Q

Why do fish pump water across their gills?

A

Ensures fresh water is moving across gills
→ Energetically costly

21
Q

Describe the countercurrent flow.

A
  • Blood flows in the opposite direction to water
  • Blood is deoxygenated after visiting tissues
  • O2 diffuses from water into blood
  • Conc. gradient maintained across the whole surface
22
Q

Describe how birds use their 2 breaths.

A

Crosscurrent flow of air and blood:
First inhalation movies into the posterior air sac → expand
First exhalation moves from air sacs into lungs → gas exchange occurs
Second inhalation moves from the lungs to the anterior air sacs
Second exhalation air moves from the anterior sacs out of the bird

23
Q

Do birds use tidal ventilation?

A

No, unlike insects or humans, air is completely exchanged

24
Q

Describe the features of a birds gas exchange system

A

High SA for gas exchange
Significantly thinner surfaces for gas exchange
Can breathe easily at high altitudes
- Lower oxygen partial pressure
Adapted for the high metabolic demands of flight

25
Q

Describe mammals inhalation

A

Intercostal muscles contract
Diaphragm contracts
Pressure inside chest decreases
Air rushes in

26
Q

Describe mammals exhalation

A

Intercostal muscles relax
Diaphragm relaxes
Pressure inside chest increases
Air forced out

27
Q

What are 2 adaptations mammals have for ventilation?

A

Lungs inside body
- Decreases water loss
Alveoli
- Increase SA
- 1 cell thick (decreases diffusion distance)

28
Q

Describe mammals ‘ventilated pool’

A
  • Fresh air comes in and fills the alveoli
  • Air is never completely exchanged in the lungs
  • Blood flows in 1 direction past the alveoli
  • Less efficient than birds bc the O2 conc of the air is high
29
Q

Describe tidal ventilation in mammals

A

Air enters and leaves via the same path
Not all air is exchanged
O2 conc. inside lungs always lower than the conc. outside the lungs

30
Q

How are marine mammals suited to aquatic life (in terms of respiration)?

A
  • Store O2 in muscles
  • High myoglobin conc.
  • Store O2 in blood
  • Higher Hb conc.
  • More efficient at extracting O2
  • Temporarily cut off circulation to some parts of body

Zoology 1 (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions