Biodiversity 2: Parazoa and Radiata Flashcards

1
Q

What does ‘animals are monophyletic’ mean?

A

It means they have a single common ancestor

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2
Q

What was the first key branch point in animal evolution?

A

Gastrulation results in at least 2 tissue layers (endoderm.ectoderm) vs no gastrulation
→ Separates Parazoa (sponges) from everything else

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3
Q

Why are parazoa very unspecialsed?

A

Because they are neither radially or bilaterally symmetrical

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4
Q

What was the second key branch point in animal evolution?

A

Radial vs bilateral symmetry
→ separates Radiata (e.g jellyfish) from Bilateria

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5
Q

Describe Radiata

A
  • Have oral/aboral side
  • Dipoblastic (2 tissue layers)
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6
Q

Describe Bilateria

A
  • have anterior/posterior and dorsal/ventral sides
  • triploblastic (3 tissue layers)
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7
Q

What was the third key branch point in animal evolution?

A

Patterns of cleavage, coelom formation and mouth/anus formation
→ separates protosomes and deutrostomes

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8
Q

Give some examples of Protostomes

A

mollusks, annelids, arthropods

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9
Q

What are protostomes patterns of cleavage?

A

Spiral and determinate

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10
Q

When is cell fate determined in protostomes?

A

Cell fate determined early in development

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11
Q

Which phylums are deuterostomes?

A

Chordata, echinoderms

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12
Q

What are deuterostomes patterns of cleavage?

A

Radial and interdeterminate

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13
Q

When is cell fate determined in deutrostomes?

A

Cell fate is not determined early = early cells can develop into any cell type

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14
Q

Describe deutrostomes coelom formation

A

Folds of archenteron form coelom

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15
Q

What is the function of the coelom?

A

protects organs, allows organ growth

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16
Q

Describe protostomes coelom formation

A

Solid mass of mesoderm splits to form coelom

17
Q

Describe the fate of the blastopore in protostomes

A

Mouth forms first from the blastopore, anus 2nd

18
Q

Describe the fate of the blastopore in deutrostomes

A

Anus forms first from the blastopore, mouth 2nd

19
Q

What was the fourth key branch point in animal evolution?

A

Division of protostomes
→ Separates Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa

20
Q

Describe Lophotrochozoa larvae

A

Have a crown of cilia (lophophore) on their trochophore larva

21
Q

What are the differences that separate the Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa?

A

Lophotrochozoa - have specific type of larvae (with a lophophore)

Ecdysozoa - shed their exoskeletons (ecdysis)

22
Q

Which phylum belongs to the sub-kingdom Parazoa?

A

Porifera (sponges)

23
Q

Describe the Parazoa

A

Asymmetrical → lack a body axis
No gastrulation
= No true tissues

24
Q

Describe the porifera (sponges)

A

Simple body plan
Lack muscles, nervous system, organs
Sessile → don’t move and feed passively
Some specialised cells

25
Q

Describe how the Porifera feed.

A
  1. Water drawn into central space (spongocoel) through pores (porocytes) in the sponge wall
  2. Drawn in through the action of flagella
  3. Water passes out through top of sponge (osculum)
  4. Choanocyte (specialised feeding cells) line spongocoel
  5. Amebocytes distribute food to rest of the sponges cells
26
Q

Porifera contain amebocytes. What is their other role, aside from food distribution?

A

Amebocytes also secrete calcium or silica spicules = form sponge framework, gives rigidity

27
Q

Describe the radiata

A

Radial symmetry
Diploblastic (2 tissue layers)

28
Q

Which phylum belongs to the sub-kingdom Radiata?

A

Cnidaria (hydras, jellyfish, sea anemones, corals)

29
Q

Describe Cnidaria

A

Simple form → most ingest food into a blind sac with a gastrovascular cavity

Mouth = anus

Polyp (mouth up) or medusa (mouth down)

No brain, but simple nerve network → can detect stimuli

Contractile bundles of microtubules act like muscles

30
Q

What are the two forms in Cnidaria?

A

Polyp (mouth up) or medusa (mouth down)
- Sometimes a species will have both forms at different life stages

31
Q

What is the gastrodermis in Cnidaria?

A

Gastrodermis = absorbs food

32
Q

What is the mesoglea in Cnidaria?

A

Mesoglea = jelly

33
Q

In Cnidaria, what are the tentacles covered in?

A

cnidocytes

34
Q

What is the function of cnidocytes?

A

Used for defence and prey capture
Nematocyst triggered = wraps around prey and injects venom
- Diverse, some have spines/no spines, some have
long threads that stick to prey or entangle small animals

35
Q

What are the 4 groups of Cnidaria?

A

Anthozoans, Scyphozoans, Cubozoans, Hydrozoans

36
Q

Describe the anthozoans

A

Anemones & corals
- Polyp stage only
- On the whole, sessile

37
Q

Describe the scyphozoans

A

True jellyfish
- Medusa form dominates (might be a polyp when young)
- Free swimming

38
Q

Describe cubozoans

A

Box jellyfish
- Larval polyp stage v different to ‘true jellies’
- Umbrellas cuboid = more streamlined, can move rapidly (7 km/hr)
- Nervous system more developed, complex eyes on rims of bells
- Can see points of light = active predators
- Many are poisonous (Indo-Pacific Sea wasp is most poisonous)

39
Q

Describe the hydrozoans

A

Hydra, Portuguese Man o’ War, Immortal jellyfish
- Most are colonies of animals
- Some have only medusae / polyps