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First Aid Gastrointestinal > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Location of I cells

A

duodenum, jejunum

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2
Q

I cells secrete

A

CCK in response to FA and AA

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3
Q

Action of CCK

A

increase pancreatic secretion, GB contraction
relaxes sphincter of Oddi
decreases gastric emptying

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4
Q

Location of G cells

A

antrum of stomach

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5
Q

G cells secrete

A

gastrin in response to stomach distention/alkalinization, AA, peptides, vagal stimulation

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6
Q

Action of Gastrin

A

Increase H+, increase gastric mucosa and gastric motility

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7
Q

Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome

A

increases gastrin immensely

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8
Q

2 Amino acids the stimulate gastrin the most

A

Phenylalanine and Tryptophan

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9
Q

Location of K cells

A

Duodenum and Jejunum

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10
Q

K cells secrete

A

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide

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11
Q

Exocrine action of Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide

A

decrease H+ in stomach

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12
Q

Endocrine action of Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide

A

Increase insulin release

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13
Q

Increase release from FA, AA, and ORAL glucose

A

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)

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14
Q

Produces migrating motor complexes

A

Motilin

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15
Q

Motilin receptor agonist

A

Erythomycin

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16
Q

Where motilin is secreted from

A

Small Intestine

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17
Q

Location of S cells

A

Duodenum

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18
Q

Secreted from S cells

A

Secretin

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19
Q

Action of Secretin

A

increase HCO3 from pancreas, decrease gastric acid secretion, increases bile secretion

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20
Q

Cause of Sercetin release

A

Increased acid and FA in lumen of duodenum

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21
Q

Location of D cell

A

Pancreatic Islets and GI mucosa

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22
Q

Secreted from D cells

A

Somatostatin, released in response to increased acid or decreased by vagal stimulation

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23
Q

Inhibits digestion and absorptionof substances needed for growth

A

Somatostatin

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24
Q

Action of Somatostatin

A

decrease H+ and pepsinogen secretion, decrease pancreatic and sm intestine fluid, decrease GB contraction, decreases insulin and glucagon release

25
Q

Copious Watery Diarrhea, Hypokalemia and Achlorhydria

26
Q

Increases intestinal water and electrolyte secretion, increases relaxation of intestinal smooth muscle and sphincters

27
Q

Loss of this secretion will lead to achalasia (increase LES tone)

A

Nitric Oxide

28
Q

Parietal cells

A

Intrinsic factor req vitB12 binding and uptake into ileum

decrease pH

29
Q

Pernicious anemia

A

autoimmune destruction of parietal cells (B12 deficiency)

30
Q

Gastrinoma

A

gastrin-secreting tumor that causes high levels of acid secretion and ulcers refractory to medical therapy

31
Q

Chief Cells of Stomach

A

release pepsinogen made into pepsin

32
Q

Pepsin action

A

protein digestion

33
Q

Activation of pepsinogen

A

Pensin and acid (H+)

34
Q

Released from ECL

A

Histamine Release

35
Q

Activates Parietal Cells

A

histamine, gastrin, ACh

36
Q

Brunner Glands

A

Located at duodenal submucosa, secretes alkaline mucus, hypertrophy in peptic ulcer disease

37
Q

Pancreatic secretion - Low Flow

A

high chloride

38
Q

Pancreatic secretion - High Flow

A

high HCO3-

39
Q

alpha-amylase

A

starch digestion

40
Q

lipase, phospholipase A and colipase

A

fat digestion

41
Q

trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, carboxypeptidases

A

Proteases from Pancreas (secreted as zymogens)

42
Q

Trypsinogen

A

converted to trypsin by enterokinase/enteropeptidase (positive feedback loop)

43
Q

Carbohydrate Absorption

A

only monosaccharides are absorbed by enterocytes

44
Q

SGLT1

A

Sodium dependent glucose and galactose uptake

45
Q

G:UT5

A

Fructose transportor (facilitated diffusion)

46
Q

GLUT2

A

all monosaccharides transporter to blood

47
Q

D-xylose absorption test

A

Distinguishes mucosal damage vs other causes of malabsorption of carbohydrates

48
Q

Area for Iron Absorption

49
Q

Area for Folate absorption

A

Jejunum and ileum

50
Q

Absorbed in terminal Ileum

A

B12 along with bile acids

51
Q

Specialized M cells

A

In Peyers Patches (ileum) and sample and present Ag to immune cells

52
Q

Peyers Patches

A

IgA secretory

53
Q

Water soluble Bile salts

A

Those conjugated with glycine or taurine

54
Q

Rate limiting step in bile synthesis

A

Cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase

55
Q

Product of heme metabolism

56
Q

Removal of bilirubin

A

conjugated with glucuronate and excreted in bile

57
Q

Direct bilirubin

A

conjugated with glucuronic acid; water soluble

58
Q

Indirect Bilirubin

A

Unconjugated; water insoluble

First Aid Gastrointestinal (5 decks)

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