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physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation?

A

volume of air breathed in and out per minute

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2
Q

tidal volume X respiratory rate=?

A

pulmonary ventilation

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3
Q

What is physiology dead space?

A

anatomical dead space + alveolar dead space

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4
Q

What is anatomical dead space?

A

the parts of the bronchial tree not available for airway exchange

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5
Q

What is alveolar dead space?

A

ventilated alveoli which aren’t adequately perfused with blood

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6
Q

What does this supply?

A measure of effort that goes into stretching or distending the lungs?

A

pulmonary compliance

if less compliant then more work required= SOB

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7
Q

Which nerves cause bronchoconstriction?

A

parasympathetic

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8
Q

Which nerves cause bronchodilation?

A

sympathetic

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9
Q

What is forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)?

A

volume of air that can be expired in first second of expiration in an FVC determination.

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10
Q

What is the total ling capacity?

A

max volume of air the lungs can hold

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11
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

max volume of air that can be moved out during a single breath following a maximal inspiration

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12
Q

What is functional residual capacity?

A

volume of air left in the lungs at end of normal passive expiration

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13
Q

What is inspiratory capacity?

A

max volume of air inspired after quiet normal expiration

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14
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

A

min volume of air left in lungs after a maximal expiration

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15
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume?

A

extra volume of air that can be maximally expired by max contraction beyond normal value of air after a resting tidal volume

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16
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

volume of air entering or leaving lungs during a single breath.

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17
Q

What are the muscles of active expiration?

A

abdominal muscles

internal intercostal muscles

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18
Q

What are the accessory muscles of inspiration?

A

sternocleidomastoid

scalenus

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19
Q

What are the major muscles of inspiration?

A

diaphragm

external intercostals

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20
Q

Name 3 things which keep the alveoli open

A
  1. surfactant
  2. alveolar interdependence
  3. transmural pressure gradient
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21
Q

Name 2 things which promote alveoli collapse

A
  1. surface tension

2. elastic connective tissue

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22
Q

What is alveolar interdependence?

A

when one alveoli starts to collapse, surrounding alveoli are stretched then recoil exerting expanding forces on the collapsing alevoli to open it.

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23
Q

What is respiratory distress syndrome?

A

when new born’s lungs cant make enough surfactant

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24
Q

What is pulmonary surfactant?

A

mix of lipids and proteins secreted by type 2 alveolar cells.

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25
How does pulmonary surfactant work?
it intersperses between water molecules to reduce surface tension.
26
What is LaPlace's Law?
P=2T/r | smaller alveoli have a higher tendency to collapse
27
What is alveolar surface tension?
attraction between water molecules at liquid air interface which produces a force which resists stretching of the lungs
28
What is a pneumothorax?
air in the pleural cavity
29
Is expiration usually an active or passive process?
passive
30
Is inspiration usually an active or passive process?
active
31
What is atmospheric pressure minus intrapleural pressure?
transmural pressure gradient across thoracic wall
32
what is the transmural pressure gradient across the lung wall?
intra-alveolar pressure minus intra-pleural pressure
33
What 2 forces hold the thoracic wall and lungs in close opposition?
1.intrapleural fluid cohesiveness | 2,negative intrapleural pressure
34
What are the 3 important pressures in ventilation?
atmospheric pressusre intra-alveolar pressure intra-pleural pressure
35
What Law is this? as volume of a gas increases, the pressure exerted by the gas decreases
Boyle's Law
36
What process does this describe? sequence of events that lead to the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between external environment and our cells
external respiration
37
What process does this describe? the intracellular mechanisms which consume oxygen and produce carbon dioxide
internal respiration
38
Explain the hypoxic drive of respiration
stimulated when PO2 falls low and you retain CO2 and the increase in hydrogen ions makes you hyperventilate to get rid of the CO2.
39
Where would you find Peripheral chemorececptors?
in carotid and aortic bodies
40
What is hypercapnia?
increase in conc of CO2 in blood
41
What is the cough reflex?
a defence mechanism which helps clear the airway of dust etc.
42
What do joint receptors do?
stimulated by joint movement and produce impulses which increase breathing
43
what does the Hering-Breuer reflex do?
prevents hyperinflation
44
What does the apneustic centre do?
sends impulses which excite inspiratory area of medulla causing prolonged inspiration
45
If the pneumotaxic centre is stimluated what happens?
inspiration is terminated
46
What give rise to active expiration?
increased firing of dorsal neurones excites ventral respiratory group neurones and internal intercostals and abdominals
47
What gives rise to inspiration?
Dorsal respiratory group neurones
48
What is the Pre-Botzinger complex?
network of neurones that display pacemaker activity located near upper end of medulla
49
The Bohr effect and Haldane effect work together to...
increase O2 liberation and increase uptake of CO2 at tissue
50
What effect does thus describe? removing O2 from Hb increases ability of Hb to pick up CO2
Haldane effect
51
In what ways can CO2 be transported around the body? Which is the most common?
1.bicarbonate (most common) 2, solution carbamino compounds
52
What is Henry's Law?
carbon dioxide is 20x more soluble than oxygen
53
If myoglobin is found in blood, what does this indicate?
muscle damage
54
What is cooperative binding of O2?
when one O2 binds to Hb it increases the affinity of Hb for O2
55
What effect causes the curve on a pO2- % Hb saturation graph to shift to the right due to increased release of O2 at tissues
Bohr effect
56
CaO2 ( O2 content of arterial blood) X CI (cardiac index)
oxygen delivery index
57
How many O2 molecules does a Hb carry?
1
58
How is 02 transported?
1. bound to Hb | 2. solution
59
What is Daltons Law of Partial Pressures?
total pressure= sum of all partial pressures in a mixture Total P =P1+P2+P3
60
What happens to pulmonary arterioles if there is a decrease in O2?
vasconstriction
61
What happens to pulmonary arterioles if there is an increase in O2?
vasodilation
62
What happens to systemic arterioles if there is an increase in O2?
vasoconstriction
63
What happens to systemic arterioles if there is a decrease in O2?
vasodilation
64
How do you increase pulmonary ventilation? And which of these ways increases it the most?
1. increase depth of breathing (tidal volume) -most | 2. increase rate of breathing
65
What is alveolar ventilation?
volume of air exchanged between atmosphere and alveoli per minute
66
How do you treat community acquired pneumonia?
amoxicillin 1g 3x day
67
Which virus mainly causes bronchiolitis?
respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

Respiratory (5 decks)

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