histology and embryology

Question 1

What is the function of type 2 alveolar cells?

Answer 1

produce surfactant

Question 2

What is the function of type 1 alveolar cells?

Answer 2

blood-air barrier

Question 3

What stage of lung maturation occurs between week 36 -early childhood? And what happens?

Answer 3

stage- alveolar

what happens-alveoli mature

Question 4

What stage of lung maturation occurs between 28-36 weeks? And what happens?

Answer 4

stage-sacular

what happens-terminal sacs form and capillaries establish close contact

Question 5

What stage of lung maturation occurs between 16-28 weeks?

Answer 5

Canalicular

Question 6

What stage of lung maturation occurs between 6-16 weeks?

Answer 6

Pseudoglandular

Question 7

What stage of lung maturation occurs between 26 days-6 weeks?

Answer 7

embryonic- initial branching to give lungs, lobes and segments

Question 8

Where did the respiratory system grow out of?

Answer 8

layrngopharynx

Question 9

Where does the lining of the trachea and bronchial tree come from?

Answer 9

Endoderm (all other lung tissue comes from the visceral mesoderm)

Question 10

What are alveolar macrophages also known as?

Answer 10

dust cells

Question 11

What 3 type of cells are alveoli lined with?

Answer 11

1. type 1 alveolar cells
2. type 2 alveolar cells
3. dust cells

Question 12

What are clara cells?

Answer 12

non ciliated club cells

Question 13

What are the functions of clara cells?

Answer 13

surfactant production
immune modulation
stem cell
detoxification

Question 14

What are the terminal bronchioles lined with?

Answer 14

cuboidal ciliated epithelium and contain clara cells

Question 15

What lines the bronchi?

Answer 15

respiratory epithelium

Question 16

Is there cartilage in the bronchi?

Answer 16

yes- irregular shaped cartilage plates

Question 17

What change occurs to the epithelium in the bronchioles?

Answer 17

the epithelium changes from columnar to cuboidal as you progress down the tree

Question 18

What lines the trachea?

Answer 18

1. respiratory epithelium (until it divides)

2. 15-20 C shaped cartilage

Question 19

What lines the larynx( except the vocal cords)?

Answer 19

respiratory epithelium

Question 20

What lines the vocal cords?

Answer 20

stratafied squamous epithelium

Question 21

What lines the orophraynx?

Answer 21

non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

Question 22

What lies underneath the respiratory epithelium (in the nasal cavity?)

Answer 22

Lamina Propria

Question 23

What epithelium lines the roof of the nasal cavity?

Answer 23

olfactory epithelium?

Question 24

As you go deeper into the nasal cavity what change happens regarding the epithelium?

Answer 24

The initial part is lined by keratinised stratified squamous epithelium and as you go deeper the keratin is lost and it becomes pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells.

Question 25

What is pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells. also known as?

Answer 25

respiratory epithelium