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Respiratory > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What can cause airway narrowing/obstruction?

A

muscle spasm
mucosal oedema
collapse due to loss of support
localised obstruction e.g. tumour

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2
Q

What 3 types of lung neoplasms are there?

A
  1. benign (rare)
  2. malignant (common)
  3. metastatic (very common)
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3
Q

When cancer spreads from the lungs , where does it tend to go?

A

lymph nodes
liver
bones
brain?

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4
Q

What are the 4 common types of lung tumours?

A
  1. adenocarcinoma
  2. squamous carcinoma
  3. small cell carcinoma
  4. large cell carcinoma
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5
Q

Which lung tumour type is the worst and why?

A

small cell because is spreads quickly and early

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6
Q

Where in the body can you find squamous epithelia?

A

oesophagus
skin
anus
vagina/vulva

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7
Q

Name some general features of cancer?

A

malignant growth
uncontrolled replication
local invasion
metastasis

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8
Q

What red flags are there that could possibly mean cancer?

A

haemoptysis
recurrent pneumonia
stridor
weight loss

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9
Q

What is pleural effusion?

A

collection of fluid around the lung

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10
Q 
If you find these on examination, what might the patient have?
finger clubbing
bloated face
tracheal deviation
dull percussion
stridor
enlarged liver
A

lung cancer

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11
Q

If you thought it was lung cancer what investigations would you ask for?

A 
full blood count
chest x ray
CT scan
PET scan
bronchoscopy
spirometry
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12
Q

What is the treatment for lung cancer?

A 
surgery
radiotherapy
chemotherapy
supportive care
stent insertion for stridor
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13
Q

Where does bronchopneumonia start and spread to?

A

starts in airways and spreads to alveolar lung

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14
Q

What organisms could cause bronchopneumonia?

A

strep.pneumoniae

haemophilus influenza

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15
Q

What does the treatment of lung cancer depend on?

A
  1. cell type
  2. extent of disease
  3. co-morbidity
  4. PATIENTS WISHES
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16
Q

What is bronchiectasis normally due to?

A

fibrous scarring following infection

17
Q

What organisms cause tuberculosis?

A

mycobacteria- M.tuberculosis, M.bovis

18
Q

What is primary TB?

A

first exposure-inhaled organism is phagocytosed and carried to hilar lymph nodes. this activates an immune response and leads to formations of granuloma

tends to spread

19
Q

What cell cause the granulomatous inflammation in TB?

A

T cells

20
Q

Why does disease reactivate?

A

age
decreased T cell function
immunosuppressive therapy

21
Q

What is secondary TB?

A

latent disease
tends to remain localised (usually in apex of lung)
fibrosing and cavitation is common

22
Q

What is pulmonary interstitium?

A

alevolar lining cells

thin elastin-rich connective tissue containing capillary blood vessels

23
Q

What is fibrosing alveolitis?

A

progressive interstitial fibrosis of unknown cause
variable inflammation
finger clubbing usually present

24
Q

What is sarcoidosis?

A

multisystem granulomatous disorder

RED PATCHES ON LEGS

25
Q

What is extrinsic allergic alveolitis?

A

chronic inflammatory disease e.g farmers lung

bird fanciers lung

26
Q

What can asbestosis lead to?

A

mesothelioma

27
Q

Which asbestosis fibres are most dangerous?

A

straight fibres

28
Q

What is Pneumoconiosis?

A

lung disease caused by mineral dust exposure e.g asbestosis, coal workers lung, silicosos (quartz)

29
Q

What can cause ARDS?

A

sepsis
severe trauma
diffuse infection

30
Q

What is pulmonary oedema?

A

accumulation of fluid in the lung.

31
Q

When does a pulmonary infarction occur?

A

when bronchial artery supply is compromised

32
Q

What is the main source of a pulmonary embolus?

A

DVT

33
Q

What are the effects of PE?

A

sudden death
severe chest pain
pulmonary infarction
pulmonary tension

34
Q

Is a transudate pleural effusion low or high protein?

A

low protein- cause heart failure

35
Q

Is a exudate pleural effusion low or high protein?

A

high protein- causes pneumonia, TB, malignancy

36
Q

What is the pleura?

A

mesothelial surface lining the lungs and mediastinum

37
Q

If there is a purulent effusion what does this mean?

A

the effusion is full of inflammatory cells e.g empyema

Respiratory (5 decks)

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