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Unit 7 > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Which sphincter holds the highest resting pressure in the GI tract?

A

Upper esophageal spinchter

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2
Q

What is the function of the lower esophageal sphincter?

A

To coordinate the passage of food into the stomach and prevent reflux of gastric contents.

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3
Q

What does the pyloric sphincter regulate?

A

Gastric emptying

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4
Q

What sphincter prevents back flow from the colon?

A

The ileocecal sphincter (valve)

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5
Q

The enteric nervous system is made up of which two nerve plexuses?

A

myenteric and submuscosal

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6
Q

Which nerve plexus helps keep the tone of the gut and is located in between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers of the GI tract?

A

The myenteric plexus (Auerbachs)

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7
Q

Which nerve plexus controls secretions, absorption, and contraction?

A

The submucosal plexus (Meissner’s)

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8
Q

The parasympathetic nervous system to the gut signals through which sets of nerves?

A

Vagus and pelvic nerves

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9
Q

Sympathetic nervous system innervates the ENS via:

A

celiac plexus, hypogastric, and the superior and inferior mesenteric ganglia

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10
Q

Norepinephrine is used in the (sympathetic/parasympathetic) nervous system and inhibits ________ neurons.

A

sympathetic and it inhibits excitatory cholinergic neurons.

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11
Q

What cells are the pacemakers in the GI tract?

A

interstitial cells of Cajal

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12
Q

What type of contractions move material from mouth to colon?

A

Peristaltic contractions

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13
Q

Contractions that mix chyme with intestinal secretions are called ______

A

segmental/mixing/non-propulsive

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14
Q

What does the enterogastric reflex do?

A

It decreases gastric motility and secretions and stimulates contraction of the pyloric sphincter (to optimize digestion)

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15
Q

A peristaltic rush is associated with what?

A

Diarrhea

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16
Q

The myenteric reflex has a propulsive segment that ______ longitudinal muscles and ________ circular muscles. Whereas, the receiving segment _______ longitudinal muscles and ________ circular muscles.

A

The myenteric reflex has a propulsive segment that relaxes longitudinal muscles and contracts circular muscles. Whereas, the receiving segment contracts longitudinal muscles and relaxes circular muscles.

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17
Q

What is a symptom of pathological ileus?

A

Too long quiescence that inhibit passage of stool and gas = constipation and bloating #womp

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18
Q

What is the function of the migration motor complex?

A

To “sweep” stomach and SI of undigested food, bacteria, desquamated cells, quarters, etc.

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19
Q

Motilin is associated with which phase of the migrating motor complex?

A

The active phase - it is synthesized in the duodenal MO cells and it stimulates contrations

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20
Q

What is a bezoar?

A

A bezoar occurs in the absence of the MMC and is an indigestible material that can cause obstruction of the stomach.

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21
Q

What is a voluntary movement of food to the pharynx activates swallowing reflexes including a primary peristaltic wave in the esophagus?

A

deglutition

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22
Q

In the pharyngeal phase, cranial nerves __ and __ transmit sensory information.

A

CN V and IX

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23
Q

The pharynx and upper 1/3 of the esophagus are striated muscle controlled by CN __ and __

A

CN IX and X

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24
Q

Disorders of swallowing can occur with damage to cranial nerves __, __ or __

A

damage to CN V, IX, or X
poliomyelitis and encephalitis (swallowing center damage)
muscular dystrophy and myasthenia gravis (muscle damage)
patients under deep anesthesia

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25
Q

After a meal, transient relaxation of the proximal stomach is required. What is this called?

A

Receptive relaxation

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26
Q

Receptive relaxation increases intragastric (volume/pressure)

A

volume, not pressure

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27
Q

Relaxation of the fundus during gastric filling is a result of which nerve?

A

The vagus nerve - vagovagal reflex

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28
Q

What is achalasia?

A

Failure of LES to relax during swallowing. Failure of receptive relaxation

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29
Q

When LES tone is not properly maintained, ____ can develop

A

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

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30
Q

The gastric reservoir portion of the stomach is adapted for what?

A

Maintaining continuous contractile tone - allow for accommodation of a meal without sign. increase in intragastic pressure

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31
Q

The muscles in which part of the stomach physically contract?

A

The antral pump

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32
Q

What three terms are used to describe the stomachs churning of a meal?

A

Propulsion, grinding, and retropulsion.

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33
Q

Where is the submucosal plexus located?

A

Between the circular muscle and submucosa

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34
Q

These GI regulators travel through portal, then liver, then systemic circulation (hormones/paracrines/neurocrines)

A

hormones

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35
Q

Histamine, Vagal stimulation and Gastrin (increases/decrease) stomach acid sectretion

A

increase

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36
Q

Somatostatin, Glucose insulinotropic peptride (GIP) and Secretin all (increase/decrease) stomach acid sectretion

A

decrease

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37
Q

G cells in the stomach secrete _____

A

gastrin

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38
Q

Major inhibitory mechanism for reducing HCl secretion into the stomach is by the hormone ______

A

somatostatin

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39
Q

These cells (in the stomach antrum and corpus) secrete Somatostain

A

D cells

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40
Q

These cells in the stomach antrum secrete gastrin

A

G cells

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41
Q

These cells in the stomach body secrete Histamine

A

ECL cells

Enterochromaffin-like cells

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42
Q

In islets of langerhans, alpha cells produce ____

A

Glucagon

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43
Q

In islets of langerhans, delta cells produce _____

A

Somatostatin

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44
Q

In islets of langerhans, beta cells produce _____

A

Insulin

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45
Q

What GI hormone acts to increase secretion by parietal cells?

A

Gastrin

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46
Q

Which GI hormone causes the gallbladder to contract due to ingestion of fats?

A

CCK

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47
Q

Which GI hormone acts to increase HCO3- and fluid secretion by the pancreas?

A

secretin

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48
Q

What GI hormone helps to ‘clear’ the GI tract of indigestible materials?

A

Motilin

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49
Q

Which GI hormone acts on the pancreas to stimulate insulin secretion and on parietal cells to inhibit HCl secretion?

A

GIP

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50
Q

The acinar cells of the parotid glands secrete what?

A

Serous substance rich in amylase

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51
Q

The acinar cells of the sublingual and submandibular glands secrete what?

A

A sero-mucous product rich in mucin glycoproteins

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52
Q

What two cells types live in Oxyntic glands?

A

Parietal cells and chief cells

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53
Q

Pyloric glands contain what type of cells?

A

G cells and mucus cells

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54
Q

Pepsin is most active at (acidic/basic) pH

A

acidic

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55
Q

What is an alkaline tide?

A

As hydrogen ions are secreted, bicarbonate ions enter the blood so that gastric venous blood has a higher pH than arterial blood when the stomach is secreting acid

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56
Q

Gastric parietal cells demonstrate net secretion of ___ and net absorption of ____

A

Secret HCl and absorb HCO3-

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57
Q

Vomitting can cause dehydration and what two other physiological symptoms?

A

alkalosis and hypokalemia

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58
Q

Parietal cells have what type of neuro receptor?

A

ACh

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59
Q

In the cephalic phase, HCl is secretion is moderated directly by ___ and indirectly by _____.

A

directly by the vagus nerve and indirectly by gastrin

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60
Q

In the corpus of the stomach, the vagus directly stimulates what three cells?

A

Parietal cells, ECL cells, and D cells

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61
Q

In the antrum of the stomach, the vagus stimulates what two cells?

A

G cells and D cells

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62
Q

Vagal stimulation of D cells via ACh (promotes/inhibits) the release of somatostatin

A

Inhibits

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63
Q

What directly stimulates D cells to release somatostatin?

A

Luminal H+

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64
Q

Besides hormones and neural stimulation, what else can stimulate the G cells to release gastrin?

A

The products of digestion

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65
Q

Glucagon, insulin, and somatostatin make up the (exo/endocrine secretions) of the pancreas?

A

Endocrine secretions

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66
Q

Pancreatic aqueous secretion is important for what?

A

Neutralizing acids from stomach using HCO3-

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67
Q

What is the most powerful stimulus for HCO3- secretion?

A

Secretin

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68
Q

What is the initial step in bicarb secretion by duct cells?

A

Diffusion of CO2 from the blood acrossthe basolateral membrane into the duct cell

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69
Q

Bicarb moves across the apical membrane of PANCREATIC duct cells via _____.

A

Cl-/HCO3- exchanger

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70
Q

The CFTR channel is activated by which hormone?

A

Secretin

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71
Q

The CFTR channel uses what as it’s secondary messenger to stimulate secretion of bicarb?

A

cAMP

72
Q

What pump on the basolateral membrane is the driving force for the Na+/H+ exchanger?

A

Na+/K+ pump

73
Q

Secretin and CCK stimulate what type of secretion by pancreatic duct cells?

A

Aqueous secretion

74
Q

Secretion fluid is high in HCO3+ when secretion rates are ______

A

fast

75
Q

From where is pepsinogen secreted?

A

Gastric chief cells

76
Q

CCK (Cholecystokinin) (slows/quickens) gastric emptying

A

slows

77
Q

Blood glucose levels less than 50mg/dL is called ____

A

Hypoglycemia

78
Q

Increase in amino acids ____ and ____ indicate protein degradation and stimulates glucagon breakdown

A

Arginine and Alanine

79
Q

What causes more insulin production, oral glucose or IV glucose?

A

Oral (cephalic phase insulin release)

80
Q

Epinephrine at alpha receptors (increases/decreases) insulin release

A

Decreases (inhibits)

81
Q

Epinephrine at beta receptors (stimulates/inhibits) insulin release

A

Stimulates

82
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system (stimulates/inhibits) insulin secretion

A

stimulates

83
Q

Sympathetic nervous stimulation (stimulates/inhibits) insulin secretion

A

inhibits

84
Q

Somatostatin (stimulates/inhibits) insulin secretion

A

inhibits

85
Q

In both muscle and adipose, insulin stimulates glucose uptake via the _____ receptor

A

GLUT4

86
Q

The hunger center is located in the _____ area

A

lateralhypothalamic area

87
Q

The satiety center is located in the ______ nucleus

A

ventromedial nucleus

88
Q

Most iron is absorbed in the ____ of the small intestine

A

Duodenum

89
Q

Iron can only be absorbed in the (2+\3+) state

A

2+.

90
Q

Calcium is absorbed in the ____ of the small intestine

A

Duodenum

91
Q

Endocrine secretions from the pancrease, including glucagon, insulin and somatostatin come from the _____ __ _______

A

islets of langerhans

92
Q

In the pancreas, acinar cells secrete (digestive protein/bicarb) while duct cells secrete (digestive protein/bicarb)

A

Acinar cells secrete proteins (such as enzymes)

Duct cells secrete bicarb

93
Q

Gastrin released by G cells stimulates secretion of gastric acid, or ____ from parietal cells

A

HCl

94
Q

Secretin and CCK are secreted by pancreatic ____ cells

A

acinar

95
Q

Bicarbonate is secreted by pancreatic ____ cells

A

duct

96
Q

Secretin and Cholecystokinin (CCK) (stimulate/inhibit) aqueous secretions by pancreatic duct cells

A

stimulate

97
Q

Bicarbonate from duct cells is driven into the lumen by an exchange with a ___ ion

A

Cl-

98
Q

What hormone is released by S cells in the duodenal mucosa?

A

Secretin

99
Q

What peptide promotes gallbladder emptying and relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi?

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

100
Q

“Nature’s antacid:” inhibits gastric acid secretion and release of gastrin

A

Secretin

101
Q

Causes pancreatic section to be 1) low volume 2) high [enzyme]

A

cholecystokinin CCK

102
Q

Causes pancreatic enzyme secretion to be 1) high volume 2) high [HCO3-] 3) low [enzyme]

A

Secretin

103
Q

An agent that stimulates the gall bladder to release bile is called a _____

A

Choleretic

104
Q

Bile salts are conjugated with either _____ (75%) or _____ (25%) in the liver

A

glycine or taurine

105
Q

After traveling though the duodenum, most bile acids get (secreted/reabsorbed)

A

reabsorbed

106
Q

The Gall bladder can be triggered to release via 1. Neural control of _____ or 2) hormonal control of _____

A

Vagus

CCK (cholecystokinin)

107
Q

Insulin is an (anabolic/catabolic) hormone

A

anabolic (promotes storage)

108
Q

Glucagon is an (anabolic/catabolic) hormone

A

catabolic (promotes breakdown)

109
Q

-Hypoglycemia
-Alanine and Arginine
-Exercise
-Stress
Are (stimulators/inhibitors) of Glucagon secretion

A

stimulators

110
Q

-Somatostatin
-Insulin
-Hyperglycemia
Are (stimulators/inhibitors) of Glucagon secretion

A

inhibitors

111
Q

The primary target organ of glucagon release is the ____

A

liver

to catabolize glycogen

112
Q

Measuring levels of C-peptide can be used to measure the amount of (glucose/insulin/glucagon) secrete

A

insulin

113
Q

More insulin is released when given (oral/IV) glucose

A

oral

114
Q

Epinephrin at α receptors (stimulates/inhibits) insulin release while Epinephrin at β (stimulates/inhibits) insulin release

A

alpha receptors: inhibit

beta receptors: stimulate

115
Q

-GIP
-Glucagon
-Gastin
-CCK
-Secretin
-VIP
Are hormones that (stimulate/inhibit) insulin release

A

stimulate

116
Q

During exercise, the net result of α and β receptors is to (increase/decrease) insulin secretion

A

decrease

prevent hypoglycemia

117
Q

In adipose tissue, insulin promotes ____ ____ synthesis, which moves to the surface where it can pull in fatty acids from chylomicrons and VLDV

A

Lipoprotien Lipase

118
Q

Elevated levels o insulin in the blood is called _____

A

insulinemia

119
Q

Neurotransmitters that stimulate feeding are called ______

A

Orixigenic

120
Q

Neurotransmitters that inhibit feeding are called _____

A

Anorexigenic

121
Q

GI peptides that signal satiety: (5)

A
  1. CCK (Cholecystokinin)
  2. GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide 1)
  3. GLP-2
  4. Glicentin
  5. PPY (peptide tyrosine-tyrosine)
122
Q

Adiposity signals that tell the amount of fat in the body are: (2)

A
  1. Leptin

2. Insulin

123
Q

The peptide produced in the gastrointestinal tract called the “hunger hormone” is ______

A

Ghrelin

124
Q

Vitamin B12 gets absorbed in the (duodenum/proximal jejunum/distal ileum)

A

distal iluem

125
Q

Na+ and HCO3- are secreted by the _____ and are later re-absorbed in the ____

A

pancreas

jejunum

126
Q

HCO3- is reabsorbed across the membrane of Jejunal absorptive cell separating it into ____ and ___

A

H20 and CO2

127
Q

NaCl secreted by the liver and pancreas and mostly reabsorbed in the ______

A

Ileum

128
Q

NaCl absorption in the ileum can be inhibited by _____, which is the target of production of E. coli and Vibriocholera toxins

A

Cyclic AMP

129
Q

NaCl is secreted into the gut lumen using CFTR channels by ____ cells

A

crypt cells

130
Q

In the crypt cell, increased _____ will increase conductance of the CFTR channels

A

cAMP

131
Q

Vibriocholera toxin causes diarrhea by _____

A

increasing cAMP –> more NaCl secretion by crypt cells

–> less NaCl absorption in the ileum

132
Q

Endogenous Secretory stimuli include: (7)

A 
Acetyl choline
histamine
secretin
gastrin
gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP)
Motilin
vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
133
Q

Endogenous Absorptive stimuli include: (5)

A

α-adrenergics (epi/norepi)
Dopamine
Enkephalins (endogenous opoids->runner’s high)
Somatostatin
Mineralcorticoids (aldosterone in the colon)

134
Q

Iron can only be absorbed in the (Fe2+ ferrous/Fe3+ ferric) state

A

Fe2+ ferrous

135
Q

Ca2+ is absorbed in the (duodenum/proximal jejunum/distal ileum)

A

duodenum

136
Q

High Ca2+ in plasma (increases/decreases) secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

decreases

137
Q

Vitamin D is important because it increases absorption of

A 
(CIMPZ)
calcium
iron
magnesium
phosphate
zinc
138
Q

Which cells secrete pepsinogen?

A

gastric chief cells

139
Q

The enteropepsidase for aromatic L-amino acids secreted from gastric chief cells is called ______

A

pepsin

140
Q

Membrane bound enzymes in the brush boarder of the intestine are called _______

A

Ectoenzymes

141
Q

Trypsinogen is activated to trypsin by the enzyme ______

A

enterokinase

142
Q

The only time proteins are digested as whole proteins is in _____

A

infants

143
Q 
How are 
1. chymotrypsin
2. elastase
3. carboxylpeptide 1 and
4. carboxylpeptide 2 
activated?
A

by activated trypsin

144
Q

The brush boarder can absorb peptides up to ___ residues in length

A

4

145
Q

Single A.A. are driven across the brush boarder by a (H+/Na+) gradient while peptides are drive across by a (H+/Na+)

A

single A.A. Na+ gradient

peptides H+ gradient

146
Q

The only peptide transporter that moves peptides across the brush boarder is called _____

A

PepT1

147
Q

In Hartnup’s disease “system B” is is afected preventing the amino acid _____ from being absorbed

A

phenylalanine

148
Q

In Cystinuria, “system B0+” is affected preventing basic amino acids such as ______ from being absorbed

A

Cystine

149
Q

Digestion of fats is done in the jejunum by 3 major enzymes:

A

Pancreatic phospholipase A2
Cholesterol esterase
*Pancreatic Lipase

150
Q

The Fat Soluble vitamins are: (4)

A

A
D
E
K

151
Q

The required transporter for the absorption of cholesterol is _______

A

NPC1L1

Niemann-Pick C1-like 1

152
Q

For long chain fatty acid absorption by brush boarder cells, the required transport protein is ______

A

FATP

153
Q

In the enterocyte, the [Na+] is (greater/less) than the [Na+] in the lumen

A

less

gradient drives AA uptake

154
Q

D cells (also called delta cells) are located in both the _____ and the ____ __ ____

A 
GI tract (stomach/intestines)
islets of langerhans (pnacreas)
155
Q

Mutations in the MTP gene can cause ________

A

Abetalipoproteinemia
fat accumulation in enterocytes
(lack of chylomicron export)

156
Q

Both micturition and defecation rely on an internal sphincter under _______ control and `an external shincter under ______ control

A

internal: reflexive (autonomic)
external: voluntary

157
Q

The ______ micturition center controls the detrussor muscle and urinary sphincter.

A

pontine

158
Q

Tonic control over the detrusor and urinary sphincters originates in the _______ centers

A

suprapontine

prefrontal cortex

159
Q

Voiding of the bladder begins with relaxation of the _____ then relaxation of the _____

A

external sphincter

internal sphincter

160
Q

SNS inhibiting contraction of the detrusor is a __-adrenergic response while contracting of the internal sphincter is a __-adrenergic

A

β

α

161
Q

The 3 functions of the colon are:

A
  1. moving
  2. eliminating
  3. extracting (water, nutrients, electrolytes)
162
Q

Explain the two types of diarrhea

A

1) osmotic: due to non-absobed solutes (e.g. lactose intolerance)
2) secretory: excessive fluid secretion (e.g. cholera toxin)

163
Q

Activated when food enters and empty stomach –> intensifies peristalsis –>promotes passage from ileum to colon

A

Gastroileal reflex

164
Q

The colon is unique form the ileum because it does both absorption by _____ cells and secretion by _____ cells

A

absorptive

goblet

165
Q

Colonic water reabsorption is dependent on the reabsorption of ___

A

Na+

166
Q

Histamine is a Gastric Secretory (inhibitor/stimulus)

A

stimulus

167
Q

The rate-limiting step in acid secretion is _____ _____ activity

A

Proton pump (H+/K+ ATPase) activity

168
Q

How can you completely cut the cephalic phase of gastric secretion?

A

Vagotomy

169
Q

In the SMALL INTESTINE, primary bile salts cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid are conjugated with glycine and taurine to form _____ and ______

A

Deoxycholic acid

Lithocholic acid

170
Q

As in the stomach, the gallbladder can react to vagal stimulation by cephalic stimuli OR _______ situations

A

emotional

171
Q

Glucose enters the pancreatic beta cells by the ______ transporter

A

GLUT2

172
Q

Facilitated diffusion of fructose into the enterocyte is mediated by the _____ transporter

A

GLUT5

173
Q

Reflex stimulation of mass movement in the colon by standing up from sleeping in the AM is called _____

A

Orthocolic reflex

174
Q

Intrinsic factor is important for the absorption of vitamin _____

A

B12

175
Q

Intrinsic factor is secreted by _____ _____ cells, complexes with B12, but is absorbed until the distal ileum

A

gastric parietal

176
Q

CCK, ACh and gastrin increase what?

A

intracellular Ca2+

177
Q

Secretin and VIP increase what?

A

cAMP

Unit 7 (4 decks)

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