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Unit 7 > MCP > Flashcards

MCP Flashcards

1
Q

For a D sugar in the alpha conformer, the anomeric hydroxyl is (up/down)

A

down

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2
Q

A linear polymer of glucose is called

A

amylose

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3
Q

Amylose consists of ______ residues in a _____ linkages

A

glucose (polypeptide, multiple maltose)

α1,4

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4
Q

Amylopectin consists of _____ residues in a _____ linkages and _____ branches

A

glucose
α1,4
α1,6

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5
Q

Lactose consists of _____ residues in a _____ linkages

A

galactose and glucose

β1,4

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6
Q

sucrose consists of _____ residues in a _____ linkages

A

glucose and fructose

α1,2

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7
Q

Cleave internal glycosidic bonds

A

Endoglycosidase

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8
Q

Cleave terminal glycosidic bonds

A

Exoglycosidase

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9
Q

Cleave disaccharide bonds

A

Disacharidase

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10
Q

Glucose disaccharide with α1,4 linkage

A

maltose

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11
Q

Glucose disaccharide with α1,6 linkage

A

isomaltose

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12
Q

Galactose-glucose disaccharide with β1,4 linkage

A

lactose

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13
Q

Glucose-fructose disaccharide with α1,2 linkage

A

sucrose

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14
Q

A deficiency in _____ leads to Beriberi

A

TPP aka Thiamine aka Vit B1

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15
Q

TPP acts as a ________

A

Carbanion

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16
Q

In which of the 4 steps of oxidation of pyruvate to Acetyl CoA is acetyl CoA made?

A

Step 3

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17
Q

Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase reforms what prosthetic group?

A

Lipoamide

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18
Q

What is the site of action of arsenic (arsenite) poisoning?

A

Dihydrolipoamide (affects regeneration of lipoamide- E3)

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19
Q

Citrate synthetase works through what type of reaction?

A

Condensation and hydrolysis of the thioester

Acetyl CoA + OAA –> Citryl CoA –> Citrate + CoA

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20
Q

Which hydrolysis step has a Gibbs free energy of -7.5 kcal/mol?

A

citrate synthetase

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21
Q

Aconitase is involved in what type of reaction?

A

dehydration and hydration

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22
Q

How many protons are pumped by complex I?

A

4H+

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23
Q

How many protons are pumped by complex Q?

A

4H+

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24
Q

How many protons are pumped by complex IV?

A

2H+

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25
Q

How many protons can FMN carry?

A

2H+ (FMNH2)

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26
Q

How many protons/electrons can ubiquinone carry?

A

2H+/2e-

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27
Q

How many electrons can heme of cytochrome C carry?

A

1e-

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28
Q

Describe the premise of Mitchell’s chemiosmotic theory

A

Electrochemical gradient is required for ATP synthesis

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29
Q

e- carriers in the transport chain are arranged in (increasing/decreasing) affinity for e-

A

increasing

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30
Q

What is the mobile carrier of H+/e- in the Q cycle across the bi-lipid membrane

A

Ubiquinone

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31
Q

Who accepts electrons from the NADH dehydrogenase complex?

A

Ubiqinone

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32
Q

The sites on F1 of ATP synthase are (cooperative/non-cooperative)

A

highly cooperative

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33
Q

If ADP in the mitochondria becomes depleted, the electrochemical gradient (increases/decreases)

A

increases

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34
Q

How can ADP modulate respiratory control?

A

decreasing ADP limits reagents and slows respiration

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35
Q

How does ADP enter the mitochondria?

A

by an ATP translocase (an antiporter)

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36
Q

how does Pi enter the mitochondria?

A

by an H+ translocase (a symporter)

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37
Q

The steps of glycolysis (and the corresponding enzymes) that are rate limiting are __, __, and __

A
  1. Hexokinase
  2. Phosphofructokinase
  3. Pyruvate kinase
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38
Q

The enzyme PFK can be allosterically inhibited with high ____ OR ____ concentrations

A

[ATP] or

[F2,6BP]

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39
Q

Low blood glucose causes (increased/decreased) F2,6BP which stimulates gluconeogenesis

A

decreased

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40
Q

The bifunctional enzyme (BFE) with sites PFK-2 and FBPase-2 controls interconversion between ___ and ___

A

F6P and

F2,6BP

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41
Q

High [F2,6BP] (increases/decrease) the rate of glycolysis

A

increases

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42
Q

High [F2,6BP] (increases/decrease) the rate of gluconeogenesis

A

decreases

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43
Q

Increased insulin causes a (increased/decreased) level in the gluconeogenic enzyme PEPCK

A

decrease

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44
Q

In glycogen synthesis, excess G1P is converted to _____ before the branching enzyme adds it to a Glycogen chain

A

UDP-gluose

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45
Q

Epinephrine acts on liver cells to increase cAMP and increase glycogen (degradation/synthesis)

A

degradation

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46
Q

Increased [cAMP] and increased intracellular Ca2+ lead to increased glycogen (degradation/synthesis)

A

degredation

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47
Q

Gucagon receptors can be found on (liver/muscle) cells

A

liver cells only

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48
Q

Epinephrin at a muscle cell β receptor will increase (cAMP/Ca2+) leading to glycogen degredation

A

cAMP

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49
Q

Insulin at a muscle cell (increases/decreases) glycogen synthesis

A

increases glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis

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50
Q

In glycogen degradation, first the debranching enzyme takes apart glycogen, then a phopahte is added by _____ _____ to make G1P

A

glycogen phosphorylase

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51
Q

When blood glucose is low, phosphorylase will be in the (phosphorylated/dephosphorylated) and will be in the active R confirmation

A

phosphorylated

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52
Q

When blood glucose is high, phosphorylase will be in the (phosphorylated/dephosphorylated) and will be in the inactive T conformation

A

dephosphorylated

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53
Q

NADH and Acetyl-CoA (activate/inactivate) the E1 of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

A

activate

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54
Q

Pyruvate and ADP (activate/inactivate) the E1 of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

A

inactivate

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55
Q

What is the structure of Palmitic acid?

A

C=16 D.B.=0

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56
Q

What is the structure of Palmitoleic acid?

A

C=16 D.B.=1

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57
Q

What is the structure of Stearic acid?

A

C=18 D.B.=0

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58
Q

What is the structure of Oleic acid?

A

C=18 D.B.=1

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59
Q

What is the structure of Linoleic acid?

A

C=18 D.B.=2

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60
Q

What is the structure of Linolenic acid?

A

C=18 D.B.=3

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61
Q

What is the structure of Arachidonic acid?

A

C=20 D.B.=4

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62
Q

What is the structure of Myristic acid?

A

C=14 D.B.=0

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63
Q

The Brain (can/cannot) use fatty acids as a fuel source.

A

cannot

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64
Q

Most fatty acids are hydrolyzed by the enzyme _____ ____ in the duodenum

A

Pancreatic lipase

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65
Q

The products of Pancreatic lipase are are two ______ and one _____

A

two non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs)

One 2-Monoacyl glycerol (2-MAG)

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66
Q

Bile salts do (digestion/absorption)

A

Both digestion and absorption

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67
Q

Excessive fat in the stool is called ______

A

Steatorrhea

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68
Q

Which requires pancreatic lipase? (LCFA/MCFA/SCFA)

A

LCFA

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69
Q

Triglyceride formation is done by adding 2 LCFAs to 2-MAG by the enzyme _______

A

Acyltransferase

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70
Q

The principle marker protein for nascent chylomicrons is _____

A

Apo-B48

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71
Q

The major protein located int the liver that converts VLDL to LDL is ______

A

hepatic lipase

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72
Q

What is the difference between VLDLs and Chylomicrons?

A

Chylomicrons: dietary fats, move from intestine to tissue
VLDL: endogenous fats transported from liver to tissue

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73
Q

Insulin promotes (release/removal) of lipoprotein lipase from adipocytes and muscle

A

release (pull in fats)

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74
Q

Chylomicrons go primarily to (Liver/muscle+heart/adipocytes)

A

Liver and adipocytes

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75
Q

VLDL goes primarily to (Liver/muscle+heart/adipocytes)

A

muscle+heart and adipocytes

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76
Q

A cofactor of pancreatic lipase that allows the lipase to anchor itself to the lipid-water interface is called _____

A

colipase

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77
Q

Unloading of free fatty acids form VLDL is interrupted by a deficiency in the enzyme ______

A

Lipoprotein lipase

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78
Q

The component of VLDL and chylomicrons that allows LPL recognition is ______

A

ApoCII

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79
Q

Albumin carried bound (NEFAs/TGs)

A

NEFA (non-esterified fatty acids)

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80
Q

Lipoproteins carry (NEFAs/TGs)

A

TGs

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81
Q

Mixed micelles contain ____ and ____

A

bile salts and fatty acids (NEFAs and 2-MAG)

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82
Q

The most abundant amino acids in serum are _____ and _____

A

Alanine and glutamine

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83
Q

List the 10 essential Amino Acids

A 
PVT TIM HaLL
Phenylalanine
Valine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Isoleucine
Methionine
Histadine
arginine
Lysine
Leucine
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84
Q

Cystine becomes essential if _____ is low

A

Methionine

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85
Q

Tyrosine becomes essential if _____ is low

A

phenylalanine

tyrosine is derived from phenylalanine

86
Q

Absorption of amino acids takes place in ______

A

the small intestine (throughout)

87
Q

A defect in transport of neutral and aromatic A.A.s that leads to pellegra symptoms is called _____ disease

A

Hartnup’s

88
Q

A defect in transport of Basic amino acids and cystine that can lead to UTI due to insoluble cystine crystals is called _______

A

Cystinuria

89
Q

The rate of muscle breakdown can be measured by urine ________ levels

A

3-methyl histadine

90
Q

The absence of lysine (an essential A.A.) that leads to an inability to synthesize proteins results in a syndrome called _______

A

kwashiorkor

91
Q

α-ketogluterate + NH4 ______ +NH4 Glutamine

A

Glutamate

92
Q

Pyridoxal phosphate (b6) is an essential co-factor for all ______ reactions

A

transamination

93
Q

Glutamate dehydrogenase is accelerated by ____ and ____ and inhibited by higher energy ____ and ____

A

ADP and GDP

ATP and GTP

94
Q 
Enzymes
Arginine succinate synthase
Arginosuccinate lyase and 
Arginase
live in the (cytosol/mitochondria)
A

cytosol

95
Q

What enzyme does this?

α-ketogluterate + NH4+ + energy –> Glutamate

A

glutamate dehydrogenase located in mitochondria

96
Q

What enzyme does this?

Aspartate + α-ketogluterate Glutamate + Oxaloacetate

A

Aspartate transaminase (AST)

97
Q

What enzyme does this?

Alanine + α-ketogluterate pyruvate + glutamate

A

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)

98
Q

What enzyme does this?

NH4+ + CO2 + 2ATP –> Carbamoyl phospate

A

Carbamoyl phospate synthase

99
Q

What enzyme does this?

Glutamine + H2O –> Glutamate + NH4+

A

Glutaminase

100
Q

What enzyme does this?

Glutamate + NH4+ –> Glutamine

A

Glutamate synthase

101
Q

Urea splits off Arginine in the (cytosol/mitochondria)

A

cytosol

102
Q

The urea cycle uses how many high energy phosphate bonds?

A

4

103
Q

Hartnup’s disease can cause the symptoms of a niacin deficiency called _____

A

Pellagra

104
Q

The most abundant Amino acids in cells are ______ and _____

A

glutamate and glutamine

105
Q

The transporter that moves sodium and glucose across the brush boarder is called _____

A

SLGT1

sodium linked glucose transporter

106
Q

With Glucose-Galactose Malabosorption, the defective gene is ______

A

SGLT 1

107
Q

With Glucose-Galactose Malabosorption, the only sugar that can be metabolized is ______

A

fructose

therfore a fructose only diet is required

108
Q

With a fatty meal, it is important to reduce total acid with ____ secretion and to slow digestion with ____ secretion

A

GIP (reduce gastric acid)

CCK (sow motility, stimulate pancreas and gallbladder)

109
Q

Amino acids whose carbon skeletons are degraded to pyruvate, α-ketoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, fumarate, or oxaloacetate are called ______

A

Glucogenic amino acids

110
Q

Amino acids whose carbon skeletons are broken down to acetyl-CoA or acetoacetate are called _____

A

Ketogenic

111
Q

Which amino acid can be formed from pyruvate by a transamination reaction?

A

alanine

112
Q

Which amino acid can be formed from OAA by a transamination reaction?

A

aspartate

113
Q

Which amino acid can be formed by amidation of aspartate?

A

asparagine

114
Q

Which amino acid can be formed by the reductive amination of an a-keto?

A

glutamate

115
Q

Which amino acid can be formed by amidation of glutamate?

A

glutamine

116
Q

Which amino acid is formed during the urea cycle?

A

arginine

117
Q

Which amino acid can be formed in two steps from glutamate?

A

proline

118
Q

Which amino acid is formed in three steps from 3-phosphoglycerate, an intermediate in glycolysis?

A

serine

119
Q

Which amino acid can be formed from serine in a reversible reaction by serine hydroxymethyltransferase?

A

glycine

120
Q

Which amino acid can be formed from serine and methionine?

A

cysteine

121
Q

Which amino acid can be formed from phenylalanine?

A

tyrosine

122
Q

Three carbon amino acids are converted to what?

A

pyruvate

123
Q

Threonine and glycine are converted to what?

A

pyruvate

124
Q

Four-carbon amino acids are converted to what?

A

OAA

125
Q

Glutamine, histidine, arginine, and proline are converted to what?

A

glutamate, which is then converted to a-ketoglutarate

126
Q

A defect in branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase causes what?

A

Maple syrup disease

127
Q

Valine, leucine, and isoleucine are all converted to what?

A

a-keto acid

128
Q

Which three amino acids are associated with Maple syrup disease?

A

valine, leucine, and isoleucine

129
Q

Phenylalanine and tyrosine are converted to what?

A

acetoacetyl CoA

130
Q

Tryptophan is associated with which neurotransmitter?

A

serotonin

131
Q

Is lysine ketogenic or glucogenic?

A

Ketogenic

132
Q

Histidine is converted to histamine by the enzyme ______

A

Histidine decarboxylase

133
Q

The only true ketogenic amino acids, the only on that can ONLY be ketogenic is _____

A

lysine

134
Q

“Three Carbon” amino acids are converted to _____

A

pyruvate

135
Q

“Four Carbon” amino acids are converted to ______

A

oxaloacetate

136
Q

“Five Carbon” amino acids are converted to glutamate, which is then converted to ______

A

α-ketogluterate

alpha-

137
Q

Maple syrup urine disease is caused by a defect in the enzyme _____

A

branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase

buildup of keto acids

138
Q

What three amino acids build up in thier keto form in maple syrup urine disease?

A
  1. Valine
  2. Isoleucine
  3. Leucine
139
Q

PKU, phenylketonuria is a genetic disorder with the inability to hydroxylize _______ to _____

A

phenylalanine

tyrosine

140
Q

Atypical PKU with can develop with a defect in the enzyme _______ _______

A

dihydrobiopterin reductase

141
Q

The defective enzyme in alkaptonuria is ______

A

Homogentisic Acid 1,2-deoxygenase

142
Q

What disorder leads to a deposit of black color in the bones and cartilage?

A

Alkaptonuria

143
Q

Tryptophan is the precursor of the neurotransmitter _______

A

Serotonin

144
Q

The three common ways for adding an NH3 is by:

A

1) transamination
2) Aspartate –> fumarate
3) Glutamine –> glutamate

145
Q

Using ornithine transaminase and others, arginine can be converted to ________

A

glutamic acid (glutamate)

146
Q

Catabolic enzymes are (active/inactive) when phosphorylated

A

active

147
Q

Anabolic enzymes are (active/inactive) when phosphorylated

A

inactive

148
Q

Epinephrine is (catabolic/anabolic)

A

catabolic

149
Q

When blood sugar is high and insulin is released, Pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1) is (active/inactive)

A

active

150
Q

Ketone body formation occurs in which organ?

A

the liver

151
Q

Insulin release (promotes/inhibits) LPL release

A

promotes

152
Q

Ketone bodies (can/cannot) be used by the brain

A

can (in the starved state)

153
Q

Over the course of days of fasting, total urinary nitrogen (increases/decreases)

A

decreases

154
Q

Conversion of NEFA to fatty acyl-CoA is done by the enzyme ______

A

thiokinase (aka acyl-CoA synthetase)

155
Q

Transfer of a fatty acyl-CoA to glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) is catalyzed by the enzyme ______

A

acyl transferase

156
Q

Fatty acids are released form TGs by cleavage of ester bonds by enzymes called ______

A

esterases

157
Q

In fat mobilization, The first step of converting TGs to FAs is done by the enzyme ____

A

adipose triglyceride lipase

158
Q

Hormone sensitive lipase is phosphorylated to the more active form by ______ in response to _____

A

cAMP-dependent protein kinase

catecholamines

159
Q

During fat metabolism, free FAs are generated and conjugated with ______ to be released into serum

A

albumin

160
Q

Phosphorylation of _____ allows access to TGs in a lipid droplet

A

perilipins

161
Q

Essential fatty acids have double bonds at positions ω __ and ω___

A

ω3 and ω6

162
Q 
Which fatty acids are essential:
Palmitoleic
Oleic
Linoleic
Linolenic
A

Linoleic ω6

Linolenic ω3

163
Q

Thiokinase activates a fatty acid to fatty acyl CoA in the (mitochondria/cytoplasm)

A

cytoplasm

164
Q

Fatty acids are moved into the mitochondria by the shuttling molecule ______

A

carnitine

165
Q

Entry of LCFAs into the mitochondria is a control point in metabolism regulated by the molecule _______, this first product of FA biosynthesis

A

malonyl-CoA

166
Q

In beta oxidation, if you encounter a β,γ double bond it will cost you _____ in energy

A

1 FADH2 = 2 ATP

167
Q

In beta oxidation, if you encounter a β,γ double bond with a Δ4 double bond it will cost you _____ in energy

A

1 FADH2 = 2 ATP for the β,γ
and 1 NADPH = 3 ATP
Total of 5 ATP

168
Q

What is the purpose of ketone body metabolism?

A

During starvation, when glucose supplies dwindle, the liver can make ketone bodies that are usable by the brain. Consider them water soluble FAs

169
Q

What is the primary fuel product of ketone body metabolism that the brain can use?

A

β-hydroxybutyrate

170
Q

Can the liver use ketone bodies for fuel?

A

No! it just produces them.

Lacks 3-ketoacyl-CoA transferase

171
Q

To make ketone bodies, the liver uses the enzyme _____

A

HMG Co-synthase and HMG Co-lyase

172
Q

Runaway lipolysis can lead to ketone body overproduction leading to ______ and possibly death

A

ketoacidosis

173
Q

Which enzyme converts diacylglycerol (DAG) to glycerol-3 phosphate (G3P), which is the backbone of TGs

A

glycerol kinase

174
Q

Using the Cori cycle, lactate in the liver can be converted back to ______

A

glucose

175
Q

Parkinson’s patients have a death of dopamine producing cells and can be given _____, which is soluble across the BBB

A

DOPA

176
Q 
From what amino acid are the following derived? 
dopamine
--->norepinephrine
--->epinephrine
melanin and 
thyroxine
A

Tyrosine

177
Q

What important biological compounds are derived from Tyrosine?

A 
dopamine
--->norepinephrine
--->epinephrine
melanin and 
thyroxine
178
Q

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MOA) are drugs used to treat depression because they prevent the degradation of _______

A

Catechols such as dopamine

derived from tyrosine

179
Q

A lack of tryptophan can lead to a ______ deficiency, which will manifest as pellagra

A

niacin

180
Q

Dermatitis, Dementia, Diarrhea, and Death are all symptoms of _______

A

Pellegra

181
Q

Glutamate –> GABA and
Histadine –> Histamine
DOPA –> Dopamine
are both decarboxylations next to an amine group and both enzymes require ______

A

pyridoxal phosphate

182
Q

To convert folic acid to the more useful tetrahydrofolic acid, the enzyme _____ is used

A

dihydrofolic acid reductase

183
Q

Serine + THF _______

A

glycine

184
Q

A folate deficiency during pregnancy can lead to the congenital malformation or _______

A

spina bifida

185
Q

Two anti-cancer drugs that inhibit dihydrofolate reductase are _____ and _____

A

Aminopterin and Methotrexate

186
Q

Deficiencies in THF and B12 (cobalamine) can lead to ______ anemia

A

pernicious (a type of megablastic)

187
Q

Converting phenylalanine –> tyrosine and then tyrosine –> DOPA and OH group is added each time. What enzyme is used?

A

Tetrahydrobiopterin

188
Q

In order to make epinephrine from norepinephrine, a methyl groups is donated from _______

A

SAM (S-adenosylmethionine)

189
Q

Methylmalonyl CoA, along with B12 are the precursors for _______

A

succinyl CoA

190
Q

Name the important compounds that get you form phenylalanine to Epinephrine

A

Phenylalanine –> Tyrosine –> DOPA –> Dopamine –> Norepinephrine –> Epinephrine

191
Q

Acetyl CoA is converted to Malonyl CoA by Acetyl CoA synthase and the cofactor _______

A

Biotin

192
Q

The rate limiting step for Fatty acid synthesis is the enzyme _______

A

Acetyl CoA Carboxylase

193
Q

What agent reduces the double bonds during fatty acid synthesis?

A

NADPH (this is what makes FA synthesis costly and the pentose phosphate shunt important)

194
Q

Desaturation of synthesized fatty acids is done by desaturase in the ______

A

ER

195
Q

Humans have three distinct desaturases, delta ___, ___ and ___

A

Δ5
Δ6
Δ9

196
Q

Name three eicosanoids derived from arachidonic acid:

A
  1. Prostaglandins
  2. Thromboxanes
  3. Leukotriens
197
Q

What intermediate links the citric acid cycle and the urea cycle?

A

fumarate

198
Q

Insulin is (catabolic/anabolic)

A

anabolic

199
Q

Glucagon is (catabolic/anabolic)

A

catabolic

200
Q

Epinephrin is (catabolic/anabolic)

A

catabolic

201
Q

Type 1 diabetes can lead to excess ketone bodies known as _____

A

Ketonuria

202
Q

Cortisol and epinephrin have similar metabolic effects, but cortisol increases and epinephrine decreases ________

A

glycogen synthesis

203
Q

What two drugs can inhibit IMP synthesis?

A

Azaserine

Sulfonamides

204
Q

In the formation of (purines/pyrimidines) the first step is formation of carbamoyl phosphate

A

Pyrimidines

205
Q

Enzymes that use glutamine as an NH3 donor can be inhibited by ______

A

Azaserine

206
Q

Ribonucleotide reductase is inhibited by the chemotherapeutic agent ______

A

Hydroxyurea

207
Q

The predominant lipids in cell membranes are ______

A

Glycerophospholipids

208
Q

How do you calculate REE?

A

male: 900 + 10w
female: 700 + 7w

209
Q

How do you calculate BMI?

A

BMI = (weight in kg) / (height in meters)^2

210
Q

1 kg of adipose tissue is how much fat? how much water?

A

850 g fat

150 g water

211
Q

List “the big 8” fatty acids

A 
MPPSOLLA
Myristic
Palmitic
Palmitoleic
Stearic
Oleic
Linoleic
Linolenic
Arachidonic

Unit 7 (4 decks)

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