MCP Flashcards
1
Q
For a D sugar in the alpha conformer, the anomeric hydroxyl is (up/down)
A
down
2
Q
A linear polymer of glucose is called
A
amylose
3
Q
Amylose consists of ______ residues in a _____ linkages
A
glucose (polypeptide, multiple maltose)
α1,4
4
Q
Amylopectin consists of _____ residues in a _____ linkages and _____ branches
A
glucose
α1,4
α1,6
5
Q
Lactose consists of _____ residues in a _____ linkages
A
galactose and glucose
β1,4
6
Q
sucrose consists of _____ residues in a _____ linkages
A
glucose and fructose
α1,2
7
Q
Cleave internal glycosidic bonds
A
Endoglycosidase
8
Q
Cleave terminal glycosidic bonds
A
Exoglycosidase
9
Q
Cleave disaccharide bonds
A
Disacharidase
10
Q
Glucose disaccharide with α1,4 linkage
A
maltose
11
Q
Glucose disaccharide with α1,6 linkage
A
isomaltose
12
Q
Galactose-glucose disaccharide with β1,4 linkage
A
lactose
13
Q
Glucose-fructose disaccharide with α1,2 linkage
A
sucrose
14
Q
A deficiency in _____ leads to Beriberi
A
TPP aka Thiamine aka Vit B1
15
Q
TPP acts as a ________
A
Carbanion
16
Q
In which of the 4 steps of oxidation of pyruvate to Acetyl CoA is acetyl CoA made?
A
Step 3
17
Q
Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase reforms what prosthetic group?
A
Lipoamide
18
Q
What is the site of action of arsenic (arsenite) poisoning?
A
Dihydrolipoamide (affects regeneration of lipoamide- E3)
19
Q
Citrate synthetase works through what type of reaction?
A
Condensation and hydrolysis of the thioester
Acetyl CoA + OAA –> Citryl CoA –> Citrate + CoA
20
Q
Which hydrolysis step has a Gibbs free energy of -7.5 kcal/mol?
A
citrate synthetase
21
Q
Aconitase is involved in what type of reaction?
A
dehydration and hydration
22
Q
How many protons are pumped by complex I?
A
4H+
23
Q
How many protons are pumped by complex Q?
A
4H+
24
Q
How many protons are pumped by complex IV?
A
2H+
25
How many protons can FMN carry?
2H+ (FMNH2)
26
How many protons/electrons can ubiquinone carry?
2H+/2e-
27
How many electrons can heme of cytochrome C carry?
1e-
28
Describe the premise of Mitchell's chemiosmotic theory
Electrochemical gradient is required for ATP synthesis
29
e- carriers in the transport chain are arranged in (increasing/decreasing) affinity for e-
increasing
30
What is the mobile carrier of H+/e- in the Q cycle across the bi-lipid membrane
Ubiquinone
31
Who accepts electrons from the NADH dehydrogenase complex?
Ubiqinone
32
The sites on F1 of ATP synthase are (cooperative/non-cooperative)
highly cooperative
33
If ADP in the mitochondria becomes depleted, the electrochemical gradient (increases/decreases)
increases
34
How can ADP modulate respiratory control?
decreasing ADP limits reagents and slows respiration
35
How does ADP enter the mitochondria?
by an ATP translocase (an antiporter)
36
how does Pi enter the mitochondria?
by an H+ translocase (a symporter)
37
The steps of glycolysis (and the corresponding enzymes) that are rate limiting are __, __, and __
1. Hexokinase
3. Phosphofructokinase
10. Pyruvate kinase
38
The enzyme PFK can be allosterically inhibited with high ____ OR ____ concentrations
[ATP] or
| [F2,6BP]
39
Low blood glucose causes (increased/decreased) F2,6BP which stimulates gluconeogenesis
decreased
40
The bifunctional enzyme (BFE) with sites PFK-2 and FBPase-2 controls interconversion between ___ and ___
F6P and
| F2,6BP
41
High [F2,6BP] (increases/decrease) the rate of glycolysis
increases
42
High [F2,6BP] (increases/decrease) the rate of gluconeogenesis
decreases
43
Increased insulin causes a (increased/decreased) level in the gluconeogenic enzyme PEPCK
decrease
44
In glycogen synthesis, excess G1P is converted to _____ before the branching enzyme adds it to a Glycogen chain
UDP-gluose
45
Epinephrine acts on liver cells to increase cAMP and increase glycogen (degradation/synthesis)
degradation
46
Increased [cAMP] and increased intracellular Ca2+ lead to increased glycogen (degradation/synthesis)
degredation
47
Gucagon receptors can be found on (liver/muscle) cells
liver cells only
48
Epinephrin at a muscle cell β receptor will increase (cAMP/Ca2+) leading to glycogen degredation
cAMP
49
Insulin at a muscle cell (increases/decreases) glycogen synthesis
increases glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis
50
In glycogen degradation, first the debranching enzyme takes apart glycogen, then a phopahte is added by _____ _____ to make G1P
glycogen phosphorylase
51
When blood glucose is low, phosphorylase will be in the (phosphorylated/dephosphorylated) and will be in the active R confirmation
phosphorylated
52
When blood glucose is high, phosphorylase will be in the (phosphorylated/dephosphorylated) and will be in the inactive T conformation
dephosphorylated
53
NADH and Acetyl-CoA (activate/inactivate) the E1 of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
activate
54
Pyruvate and ADP (activate/inactivate) the E1 of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
inactivate
55
What is the structure of Palmitic acid?
C=16 D.B.=0
56
What is the structure of Palmitoleic acid?
C=16 D.B.=1
57
What is the structure of Stearic acid?
C=18 D.B.=0
58
What is the structure of Oleic acid?
C=18 D.B.=1
59
What is the structure of Linoleic acid?
C=18 D.B.=2
60
What is the structure of Linolenic acid?
C=18 D.B.=3
61
What is the structure of Arachidonic acid?
C=20 D.B.=4
62
What is the structure of Myristic acid?
C=14 D.B.=0
63
The Brain (can/cannot) use fatty acids as a fuel source.
cannot
64
Most fatty acids are hydrolyzed by the enzyme _____ ____ in the duodenum
Pancreatic lipase
65
The products of Pancreatic lipase are are two ______ and one _____
two non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs)
| One 2-Monoacyl glycerol (2-MAG)
66
Bile salts do (digestion/absorption)
Both digestion and absorption
67
Excessive fat in the stool is called ______
Steatorrhea
68
Which requires pancreatic lipase? (LCFA/MCFA/SCFA)
LCFA
69
Triglyceride formation is done by adding 2 LCFAs to 2-MAG by the enzyme _______
Acyltransferase
70
The principle marker protein for nascent chylomicrons is _____
Apo-B48
71
The major protein located int the liver that converts VLDL to LDL is ______
hepatic lipase
72
What is the difference between VLDLs and Chylomicrons?
Chylomicrons: dietary fats, move from intestine to tissue
VLDL: endogenous fats transported from liver to tissue
73
Insulin promotes (release/removal) of lipoprotein lipase from adipocytes and muscle
release (pull in fats)
74
Chylomicrons go primarily to (Liver/muscle+heart/adipocytes)
Liver and adipocytes
75
VLDL goes primarily to (Liver/muscle+heart/adipocytes)
muscle+heart and adipocytes
76
A cofactor of pancreatic lipase that allows the lipase to anchor itself to the lipid-water interface is called _____
colipase
77
Unloading of free fatty acids form VLDL is interrupted by a deficiency in the enzyme ______
Lipoprotein lipase
78
The component of VLDL and chylomicrons that allows LPL recognition is ______
ApoCII
79
Albumin carried bound (NEFAs/TGs)
NEFA (non-esterified fatty acids)
80
Lipoproteins carry (NEFAs/TGs)
TGs
81
Mixed micelles contain ____ and ____
bile salts and fatty acids (NEFAs and 2-MAG)
82
The most abundant amino acids in serum are _____ and _____
Alanine and glutamine
83
List the 10 essential Amino Acids
```
PVT TIM HaLL
Phenylalanine
Valine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Isoleucine
Methionine
Histadine
arginine
Lysine
Leucine
```
84
Cystine becomes essential if _____ is low
Methionine
85
Tyrosine becomes essential if _____ is low
phenylalanine
| tyrosine is derived from phenylalanine
86
Absorption of amino acids takes place in ______
the small intestine (throughout)
87
A defect in transport of neutral and aromatic A.A.s that leads to pellegra symptoms is called _____ disease
Hartnup's
88
A defect in transport of Basic amino acids and cystine that can lead to UTI due to insoluble cystine crystals is called _______
Cystinuria
89
The rate of muscle breakdown can be measured by urine ________ levels
3-methyl histadine
90
The absence of lysine (an essential A.A.) that leads to an inability to synthesize proteins results in a syndrome called _______
kwashiorkor
91
α-ketogluterate + NH4 ______ +NH4 Glutamine
Glutamate
92
Pyridoxal phosphate (b6) is an essential co-factor for all ______ reactions
transamination
93
Glutamate dehydrogenase is accelerated by ____ and ____ and inhibited by higher energy ____ and ____
ADP and GDP
| ATP and GTP
94
```
Enzymes
Arginine succinate synthase
Arginosuccinate lyase and
Arginase
live in the (cytosol/mitochondria)
```
cytosol
95
What enzyme does this?
| α-ketogluterate + NH4+ + energy --> Glutamate
glutamate dehydrogenase located in mitochondria
96
What enzyme does this?
| Aspartate + α-ketogluterate Glutamate + Oxaloacetate
Aspartate transaminase (AST)
97
What enzyme does this?
| Alanine + α-ketogluterate pyruvate + glutamate
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
98
What enzyme does this?
| NH4+ + CO2 + 2ATP --> Carbamoyl phospate
Carbamoyl phospate synthase
99
What enzyme does this?
| Glutamine + H2O --> Glutamate + NH4+
Glutaminase
100
What enzyme does this?
| Glutamate + NH4+ --> Glutamine
Glutamate synthase
101
Urea splits off Arginine in the (cytosol/mitochondria)
cytosol
102
The urea cycle uses how many high energy phosphate bonds?
4
103
Hartnup's disease can cause the symptoms of a niacin deficiency called _____
Pellagra
104
The most abundant Amino acids in cells are ______ and _____
glutamate and glutamine
105
The transporter that moves sodium and glucose across the brush boarder is called _____
SLGT1
| sodium linked glucose transporter
106
With Glucose-Galactose Malabosorption, the defective gene is ______
SGLT 1
107
With Glucose-Galactose Malabosorption, the only sugar that can be metabolized is ______
fructose
| therfore a fructose only diet is required
108
With a fatty meal, it is important to reduce total acid with ____ secretion and to slow digestion with ____ secretion
GIP (reduce gastric acid)
| CCK (sow motility, stimulate pancreas and gallbladder)
109
Amino acids whose carbon skeletons are degraded to pyruvate, α-ketoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, fumarate, or oxaloacetate are called ______
Glucogenic amino acids
110
Amino acids whose carbon skeletons are broken down to acetyl-CoA or acetoacetate are called _____
Ketogenic
111
Which amino acid can be formed from pyruvate by a transamination reaction?
alanine
112
Which amino acid can be formed from OAA by a transamination reaction?
aspartate
113
Which amino acid can be formed by amidation of aspartate?
asparagine
114
Which amino acid can be formed by the reductive amination of an a-keto?
glutamate
115
Which amino acid can be formed by amidation of glutamate?
glutamine
116
Which amino acid is formed during the urea cycle?
arginine
117
Which amino acid can be formed in two steps from glutamate?
proline
118
Which amino acid is formed in three steps from 3-phosphoglycerate, an intermediate in glycolysis?
serine
119
Which amino acid can be formed from serine in a reversible reaction by serine hydroxymethyltransferase?
glycine
120
Which amino acid can be formed from serine and methionine?
cysteine
121
Which amino acid can be formed from phenylalanine?
tyrosine
122
Three carbon amino acids are converted to what?
pyruvate
123
Threonine and glycine are converted to what?
pyruvate
124
Four-carbon amino acids are converted to what?
OAA
125
Glutamine, histidine, arginine, and proline are converted to what?
glutamate, which is then converted to a-ketoglutarate
126
A defect in branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase causes what?
Maple syrup disease
127
Valine, leucine, and isoleucine are all converted to what?
a-keto acid
128
Which three amino acids are associated with Maple syrup disease?
valine, leucine, and isoleucine
129
Phenylalanine and tyrosine are converted to what?
acetoacetyl CoA
130
Tryptophan is associated with which neurotransmitter?
serotonin
131
Is lysine ketogenic or glucogenic?
Ketogenic
132
Histidine is converted to histamine by the enzyme ______
Histidine decarboxylase
133
The only true ketogenic amino acids, the only on that can ONLY be ketogenic is _____
lysine
134
"Three Carbon" amino acids are converted to _____
pyruvate
135
"Four Carbon" amino acids are converted to ______
oxaloacetate
136
"Five Carbon" amino acids are converted to glutamate, which is then converted to ______
α-ketogluterate
| alpha-
137
Maple syrup urine disease is caused by a defect in the enzyme _____
branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase
| buildup of keto acids
138
What three amino acids build up in thier keto form in maple syrup urine disease?
1. Valine
2. Isoleucine
3. Leucine
139
PKU, phenylketonuria is a genetic disorder with the inability to hydroxylize _______ to _____
phenylalanine
| tyrosine
140
Atypical PKU with can develop with a defect in the enzyme _______ _______
dihydrobiopterin reductase
141
The defective enzyme in alkaptonuria is ______
Homogentisic Acid 1,2-deoxygenase
142
What disorder leads to a deposit of black color in the bones and cartilage?
Alkaptonuria
143
Tryptophan is the precursor of the neurotransmitter _______
Serotonin
144
The three common ways for adding an NH3 is by:
1) transamination
2) Aspartate --> fumarate
3) Glutamine --> glutamate
145
Using ornithine transaminase and others, arginine can be converted to ________
glutamic acid (glutamate)
146
Catabolic enzymes are (active/inactive) when phosphorylated
active
147
Anabolic enzymes are (active/inactive) when phosphorylated
inactive
148
Epinephrine is (catabolic/anabolic)
catabolic
149
When blood sugar is high and insulin is released, Pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1) is (active/inactive)
active
150
Ketone body formation occurs in which organ?
the liver
151
Insulin release (promotes/inhibits) LPL release
promotes
152
Ketone bodies (can/cannot) be used by the brain
can (in the starved state)
153
Over the course of days of fasting, total urinary nitrogen (increases/decreases)
decreases
154
Conversion of NEFA to fatty acyl-CoA is done by the enzyme ______
thiokinase (aka acyl-CoA synthetase)
155
Transfer of a fatty acyl-CoA to glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) is catalyzed by the enzyme ______
acyl transferase
156
Fatty acids are released form TGs by cleavage of ester bonds by enzymes called ______
esterases
157
In fat mobilization, The first step of converting TGs to FAs is done by the enzyme ____
adipose triglyceride lipase
158
Hormone sensitive lipase is phosphorylated to the more active form by ______ in response to _____
cAMP-dependent protein kinase
| catecholamines
159
During fat metabolism, free FAs are generated and conjugated with ______ to be released into serum
albumin
160
Phosphorylation of _____ allows access to TGs in a lipid droplet
perilipins
161
Essential fatty acids have double bonds at positions ω __ and ω___
ω3 and ω6
162
```
Which fatty acids are essential:
Palmitoleic
Oleic
Linoleic
Linolenic
```
Linoleic ω6
| Linolenic ω3
163
Thiokinase activates a fatty acid to fatty acyl CoA in the (mitochondria/cytoplasm)
cytoplasm
164
Fatty acids are moved into the mitochondria by the shuttling molecule ______
carnitine
165
Entry of LCFAs into the mitochondria is a control point in metabolism regulated by the molecule _______, this first product of FA biosynthesis
malonyl-CoA
166
In beta oxidation, if you encounter a β,γ double bond it will cost you _____ in energy
1 FADH2 = 2 ATP
167
In beta oxidation, if you encounter a β,γ double bond with a Δ4 double bond it will cost you _____ in energy
1 FADH2 = 2 ATP for the β,γ
and 1 NADPH = 3 ATP
Total of 5 ATP
168
What is the purpose of ketone body metabolism?
During starvation, when glucose supplies dwindle, the liver can make ketone bodies that are usable by the brain. Consider them water soluble FAs
169
What is the primary fuel product of ketone body metabolism that the brain can use?
β-hydroxybutyrate
170
Can the liver use ketone bodies for fuel?
No! it just produces them.
| Lacks 3-ketoacyl-CoA transferase
171
To make ketone bodies, the liver uses the enzyme _____
HMG Co-synthase and HMG Co-lyase
172
Runaway lipolysis can lead to ketone body overproduction leading to ______ and possibly death
ketoacidosis
173
Which enzyme converts diacylglycerol (DAG) to glycerol-3 phosphate (G3P), which is the backbone of TGs
glycerol kinase
174
Using the Cori cycle, lactate in the liver can be converted back to ______
glucose
175
Parkinson's patients have a death of dopamine producing cells and can be given _____, which is soluble across the BBB
DOPA
176
```
From what amino acid are the following derived?
dopamine
--->norepinephrine
--->epinephrine
melanin and
thyroxine
```
Tyrosine
177
What important biological compounds are derived from Tyrosine?
```
dopamine
--->norepinephrine
--->epinephrine
melanin and
thyroxine
```
178
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MOA) are drugs used to treat depression because they prevent the degradation of _______
Catechols such as dopamine
| derived from tyrosine
179
A lack of tryptophan can lead to a ______ deficiency, which will manifest as pellagra
niacin
180
Dermatitis, Dementia, Diarrhea, and Death are all symptoms of _______
Pellegra
181
Glutamate --> GABA and
Histadine --> Histamine
DOPA --> Dopamine
are both decarboxylations next to an amine group and both enzymes require ______
pyridoxal phosphate
182
To convert folic acid to the more useful tetrahydrofolic acid, the enzyme _____ is used
dihydrofolic acid reductase
183
Serine + THF _______
glycine
184
A folate deficiency during pregnancy can lead to the congenital malformation or _______
spina bifida
185
Two anti-cancer drugs that inhibit dihydrofolate reductase are _____ and _____
Aminopterin and Methotrexate
186
Deficiencies in THF and B12 (cobalamine) can lead to ______ anemia
pernicious (a type of megablastic)
187
Converting phenylalanine --> tyrosine and then tyrosine --> DOPA and OH group is added each time. What enzyme is used?
Tetrahydrobiopterin
188
In order to make epinephrine from norepinephrine, a methyl groups is donated from _______
SAM (S-adenosylmethionine)
189
Methylmalonyl CoA, along with B12 are the precursors for _______
succinyl CoA
190
Name the important compounds that get you form phenylalanine to Epinephrine
Phenylalanine --> Tyrosine --> DOPA --> Dopamine --> Norepinephrine --> Epinephrine
191
Acetyl CoA is converted to Malonyl CoA by Acetyl CoA synthase and the cofactor _______
Biotin
192
The rate limiting step for Fatty acid synthesis is the enzyme _______
Acetyl CoA Carboxylase
193
What agent reduces the double bonds during fatty acid synthesis?
NADPH (this is what makes FA synthesis costly and the pentose phosphate shunt important)
194
Desaturation of synthesized fatty acids is done by desaturase in the ______
ER
195
Humans have three distinct desaturases, delta ___, ___ and ___
Δ5
Δ6
Δ9
196
Name three eicosanoids derived from arachidonic acid:
1. Prostaglandins
2. Thromboxanes
3. Leukotriens
197
What intermediate links the citric acid cycle and the urea cycle?
fumarate
198
Insulin is (catabolic/anabolic)
anabolic
199
Glucagon is (catabolic/anabolic)
catabolic
200
Epinephrin is (catabolic/anabolic)
catabolic
201
Type 1 diabetes can lead to excess ketone bodies known as _____
Ketonuria
202
Cortisol and epinephrin have similar metabolic effects, but cortisol increases and epinephrine decreases ________
glycogen synthesis
203
What two drugs can inhibit IMP synthesis?
Azaserine
| Sulfonamides
204
In the formation of (purines/pyrimidines) the first step is formation of carbamoyl phosphate
Pyrimidines
205
Enzymes that use glutamine as an NH3 donor can be inhibited by ______
Azaserine
206
Ribonucleotide reductase is inhibited by the chemotherapeutic agent ______
Hydroxyurea
207
The predominant lipids in cell membranes are ______
Glycerophospholipids
208
How do you calculate REE?
male: 900 + 10w
female: 700 + 7w
209
How do you calculate BMI?
BMI = (weight in kg) / (height in meters)^2
210
1 kg of adipose tissue is how much fat? how much water?
850 g fat
| 150 g water
211
List "the big 8" fatty acids
```
MPPSOLLA
Myristic
Palmitic
Palmitoleic
Stearic
Oleic
Linoleic
Linolenic
Arachidonic
```
