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Unit 7 > Microscopic Anatomy > Flashcards

Microscopic Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Sebaceous skin glands are (holocrine/apocrine/merocrine)

A

holocrine

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2
Q

Mammary glands are (holocrine/apocrine/merocrine)

A

apocrine

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3
Q

Sweat, salivary and exocrine pancreas glands are (holocrine/apocrine/merocrine)

A

merocrine

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4
Q

Types of secretions: Exocytosis of product is _____ glands

A

Merocrine (eccrine sweat glands)

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5
Q

Types of secretions: Shedding of apical cell segment is _____ glands

A

apocine

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6
Q

Types of secretions: Lysis of cell filled with secretory product is ______ gland

A

holocrine

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7
Q

In Eccrine sweat glands, dark cells secrete ____ while pale cells secrete _____

A

proteins

fluids

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8
Q

These cells in the basal lamina of Eccrine sweat glands contract to expel secretory product

A

myoepithelial cells

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9
Q

The two types of sweat glands are ____ and ____

A

eccrine and apocrine

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10
Q

Both eccrine and apocrine sweat glands do ____ type sectretion

A

merocrine

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11
Q

Sebaceous glands and sweat glands (eccrine and appocrine) are (simple/compound) glands

A

simple

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12
Q

Both salivary glands and pancreas glands are (simple/compound)

A

complex

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13
Q

salivary drainage pathway: acini –> ____ duct –> intralobular –> septa

A

intercalated

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14
Q

What do sebaceous glands secrete?

A

sebum

triglycerides, chelsterol, squalene and wax esters

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15
Q

Along with stratified cuboidal epithelium in ducts, the three cells types in sweat glands are 1. 2. 3.

A

pale cells
dark cells
myoepithelial cells

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16
Q

The function of myoepithelial cells is to _____

A

expel secretory product

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17
Q

The three types of acini are ___, ___ and ___

A

mucous, serous and mixed

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18
Q

The function of serous cells is to secrete ____ and ___ and absorb ____

A 
secrete proteins (IgA) and HCO3 (bicarb)
and to absorbe chloride
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19
Q

What are serous demilunes?

A

fixation artifacts

half-moons that stick out around the acini (salivary glands)

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20
Q

In which gland can you find basal striations?

A

Salivary glands

  1. submandibular
  2. parotid
  3. sublingual
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21
Q

What is the most diagnostic histological feature of the pancrease?

A

Islets of langerhans

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22
Q

Where is bicarbonate made in the pancreas?

A

intercalated ducts

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23
Q

In the digestive tract, the typical muscularis externa organization is an inner ______ layer and the outer _____ layer

A

Inner circular

Outer longitudinal

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24
Q

In the colon there are villi but no ____

A

Crypts

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25
Q

Thick longitudinal muscle in the colon are called ____ ____

A

Taenia coli

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26
Q

The plexus in between the circular muscularis externa and the longitudinal taenia coli is the ____ ____

A

Aurbach’s plexus

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27
Q

The vermiform appendix (does/does not) have a serosa

A

Does have a serosa

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28
Q

The four principle layers of the GI tract are: 1,2,3,4

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis externa
  4. Serosa or adventitia
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29
Q

The submucosa of the GI tract is made of dense _____ connective tissue

A

irregular

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30
Q

These columnar shapped cells secrete pepsinogens and lipases, typically from the basal half of gastric glands

A

Chief cells

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31
Q

This category of cells produces gastrin, somatostatin and ghrelin

A

Enteroendocrine cells

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32
Q

Which GI cells secrete HCl and intrinsic factor?

A

Parietal cells

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33
Q

Unicellular glands that synthesize hormones and vasoactive peptides in the lower GI

A

Enteroendocine cells

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34
Q

At the base of a crypt of liberkuhn, you may find a _____ cell that has exocrine function

A

Paneth cell

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35
Q

Where are stem cells found in the lower GI?

A

At the base of crypts of lieberkuhn

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36
Q

These cells located in the ileum only are part of the GALT

A

M cells

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37
Q

The basement membrane under ___ cells is discontinuous

A

M cells

38
Q

Bruner’s glands are located in the (duodenum/jejunum)

A

duodenum

39
Q

You will find more goblet cells in the (duodenum/jejunum)

A

jejunum

40
Q

The longest villi, most peyer’s patches and most goblet cells are found in the (duodenum/jejunum/ileum)

A

ileum

41
Q

Where will you find taenia coli? (colon + cecum/appendix/rectum)

A

colon + cecum

42
Q

Where will you find plicae semilunares? (colon + cecum/appendix/rectum)

A

colon + cecum

43
Q

These GI cells secrete lysozyme from the crypts

A

Paneth cells

44
Q

Which cells secrete secretory component?

A

Absorptive cells

45
Q

Mucins can be stained with which type of stain?

A

Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS)

46
Q

What is the content of zymogenic granules?

A

Precursors to enzymes that become active once the granules leaves the cell.

47
Q

What are the 4 layers of the GI tract?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa or adventitia

48
Q

What is the function of mucosa?

A

Protection, absorption, and secretion

49
Q

What is the function of submucosa?

A

It contains the blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and a nerve plexus

50
Q

What is the function of muscularis externa?

A

Contraction to mix and propel the intestinal contents

51
Q

What is the function of serosa/adventitia?

A

A covering - contains CT, blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves

52
Q

What are the four types of papillae are found on the tongue?

A

Filiform
Fungiform
Foliate
Circumvallate

53
Q

The submucosa of the esophagus is made of what?

A

CT and esophageal glands proper

54
Q

The esophageal cardiac glands are found where?

A

Mucosa

55
Q

What do the esophageal cardiac glands secrete?

A

neutral mucus

56
Q

What do the esophageal glands proper secrete?

A

Viscous, slightly acidic mucus

57
Q

Which gastric glands have short pits and short coiled glands?

A

Cardiac gland

58
Q

Which gastric glands have medium pits and long straight glands?

A

Gastric/fundic glands

59
Q

Which gastric glands have very long pits and short slightly coiled glands?

A

Pyloric glands

60
Q

Which cells are large and eosinophilic and are found in the middle to upper part of the gastric gland? They can also be binucleated and have intracellular canaliculus?

A

Parietal cells

61
Q

Which gastric cells are found in the base of gastric glands and creates products that are used in paracrine and endocrine signalling?

A

Enteroendocrine cells

62
Q

Where are Brunner’s glands found?

A

the submucosa of the duodenum

63
Q

How is the mucosa of the duodenum protected from gastric acid?

A

Brunner’s cells secrete an alkaline mucous

64
Q

What are crypts of Lieberkuhn?

A

Simple tubular glands that extend from the surface epithelium down to the muscularis mucosae

65
Q

What disease is the paneth cell associated with?

A

Crohn’s disease

66
Q

Peyer’s patches are unique to which part of the small intestine?

A

Ileum

67
Q

What is the function of M cells?

A

To take up antigens from the gut and deliver them to lymphocytes

68
Q

Groups of 20-40 lymphatic nodules covered by M cells are called ______

A

Peyer’s Patches

69
Q

What is morphologically distinct about the colon?

A

Taenia coli (part of the muscularis externa)

70
Q

Where are stem cells located in the stomach?

A

Located in the isthmus and neck of the mucosal glands

71
Q

Where are stem cells located in the small intestine?

A

Located near the base of the crypts

72
Q

How often of cells regenerated in the small intestine?

A

3-6 days

73
Q

How often do stem cells replace cells in the stomach?

A

They move upward to replace surface cells once a week. They move downward to replace glandular cells once a month.

74
Q

What cell type in the liver stores vitamin A?

A

Ito cells

75
Q

Ito cell reside in which space? What occurs in this space?

A

perisinusoidal space (space of Disse) which is the site of exchange of materials between the liver cells and blood cells

76
Q

What cells border the bile canaliculi?

A

Hepatocytes with microvilli

77
Q

Which hepatocyte organelle is involved in drug detoxification?

A

Smooth ER

78
Q

The dual blood supply of the liver first gets mixed in what?

A

hepatic sinusoids

79
Q

Bilirubin glucuronide gives feces their _____

A

color

80
Q

What does the concept of a liver acinus help explain?

A

It provides insight into blood perfusion, metabolic activity, and liver pathology.

81
Q

Which zone of the liver acinus is the first to show ischemic necrosis and to accumulate fat?

A

Zone 3

82
Q

The gallbladder does not have which layer of the SI?

A

submucosa

83
Q

What does the concept of a portal lobule help explain?

A

exocrine functions of the liver

84
Q

Kupffer cells are derived from what?

A

Monocytes

85
Q

Cell membrane in-foldings that house mitochondria in salavary glands are called _____

A

basal striations

86
Q

What is the composition of sebum? (4)

A
  1. triglycerides
  2. cholesterol
  3. squalene
  4. wax esters
87
Q

Intercalated ducts are no more than ____ cells around

A

6

88
Q

Which salivary acini has serous demilunes? (mucous/serous/mixed)

A

mixed

89
Q

The sublingual gland has acini that are mostly (mucous/serous/mixed)

A

mucous

90
Q

The parotid gland has acini that are mostly (mucous/serous/mixed)

A

serous

91
Q

The submandibular gland has acini that are mostly (mucous/serous/mixed)

A

mixed (with demilunes)

Unit 7 (4 decks)

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