Gross Anatomy

Question 1

Defects in the formation of the tracheoesophageal septum may lead to

Answer 1

esophageal atresia and/or tracheoesophageal fistula

Question 2

Atresia of the esophagus or duodenal can be detected by

Answer 2

polyhydramnios or excess fluid in the amniotic sac

Question 3

If canalization is imcomplete or absent ________ can occur.

Answer 3

Duodenal stenosis/duodenal atresia

Question 4

If the two parts of the ventral pancreas migrate in opposite directions around the duodenum an constrict the duodenum, a ______ can occur

Answer 4

annular pancreas

Question 5

Which organ in the foregut develops from mesodermal derivative?

Answer 5

the spleen - the rest of the foregut is from the endodermal gut tube

Question 6

The cranial limb of the primary intestinal loop gives rise to

Answer 6

most of the ileum

Question 7

The caudal limb of the primary intestinal loop gives rise to

Answer 7

ascending colon

Question 8

Describe the two rotations of the intestines:

Answer 8

elongating intestine in the umbilicus rotates 90° counterclockwise around superior mesenteric artery

after returning to the abdominal cavity, it rotates 180° counterclockwise

Question 9

A volvulus can develop after what?

Answer 9

non-rotation, reversed rotation, or mixed rotation of the intestines

Question 10

A Meckel’s diverticulum is a remnant of ______ .

Answer 10

vitelline duct

Question 11

A herniation of the bowel through the umbilical ring that is covered by a thin membrane

Answer 11

omphalocele

Question 12

A herniation of the bowel through the abdomen wall with no covering

Answer 12

gastroschisis

Question 13

Rectourethral or rectovaginal fistulas are the result of what developmental abnormality?

Answer 13

Abnormal development of the cloacal or urorectal septum

Question 14

Failure of cloacal membrane to breakdown is called _______.

Answer 14

Imperforate anus - horrifying

Question 15

What is meant by retroperitoneal?

Answer 15

organs that lie behind the peritoneal cavity & are covered only on one surface by the peritoneum

Question 16

Vitelline ducts are common (2% of the population), but 1-3% of cases can develop into ____ causing ______.

Answer 16

vitelline fistula or cyst causing obstrution and GI bleeding

Question 17

What is physiological umbilical herniation?

Answer 17

During normal development, there is not enough room in the abdominal cavity and the primary intestinal loop herniates into the umbilical cord

Question 18

A volvulus causes what?

Answer 18

intestinal obstruction and compromised blood supply

Question 19

The urorectal septum divides the cloaca into dorsal _______ and a ventral _______.

Answer 19

dorsal anorectal canal and ventral urogenital sinus

Question 20

What causes Hirschprung disease?

Answer 20

A lack of parasympathetic ganglia in the bowel wall. Often due to defects in neural crest migration.

Question 21

A thin connective tissue sheath that covers the individual abdominal muscles is the

Answer 21

deep fascia/epimysium

Question 22

A thin layer of fascia that lines the transversus abdominis and is continuous with a similar layer lining the diaphragm and the iliacus muscle

Answer 22

Fascia transversalis

Question 23

The three muscles that make up the rectus sheath are

Answer 23

external oblique, internal oblique, and transversus abdominis

Question 24

A thin layer of CT that contains a variable amount of fat that lies between the fascia transversalis and peritoneum

Answer 24

Extraperitoneal fat

Question 25

Mesentery connects _____

Answer 25

organs completely covered by peritoneum to the body wall

Question 26

Painful stimuli to the central part of the diaphragmatic peritoneum is referred to

Answer 26

the shoulder

Question 27

The visceral peritoneum is (sensitive/insensitive)

Answer 27

insensitive

Question 28

The aperture by which the greater sac and lesser sac of the peritoneum communicate

Answer 28

the foramen epiploicum

Question 29

Roles of the peritoneum:

Answer 29

minimize friction, resist infection, store fat

Question 30

Mesentery carries

Answer 30

vessels and nerves

Question 31

This keeps the intestines from forming adhesions with the parietal peritoneum of the ventral body wall

Answer 31

The greater omentum

Question 32

The lesser omentum passes from ____ to ______

Answer 32

inferior surface of the liver to adjacent organs

Question 33

The falciform ligament attaches ___ to ____

Answer 33

the liver to the diaphragm

Question 34

The lesser omentum is made up of what two portions?

Answer 34

hepatogastric ligament and hepatoduodenal ligament

Question 35

The round ligament/ligamentum teres is the remains of the

Answer 35

obliterated umbilical vein

Question 36

Abdominal stria occurs when

Answer 36

skin has been stretched chronically and the elastic fibers rupture

Question 37

Obstruction of the portal vein, which causes the paraumbilical veins to serve as avenue for collateral venous return

Answer 37

Caput medusae

Question 38

Major vessels in Scarpa's layer are:

Answer 38

superficial epigastric artery and vein

Question 39

Anterior abdominal muscles are:

Answer 39

rectus abdominis | pyramidalis

Question 40

Antero-lateral abdominal muscles are:

Answer 40

external oblique internal oblique transversus abdominis

Question 41

Intraperitoneal organs are:

Answer 41

``` liver spleen stomach duodenum (1st part) jejunum ileum transverse & sigmoid colon rectum (sup. part) ```

Question 42

Retroperitoneal organs are:

Answer 42

``` kidneys adrenal glands pancreas (head&body) duodenum (parts 2-4) ascending & descending colon ```

Question 43

Abdominal wall layers:

Answer 43

``` skin superficial fascia deep fascia / epimysium muscles fascia transversalis extraperitoneal fat peritoneum ```

Question 44

The liver, gallbladder, stomach, duodenum, R kidney, r adrenal gland, pancreas, colon, and IVC are in which quadrant?

Answer 44

the right upper quadrant

Question 45

The liver, abd esophagus, stomach, jejunum, spleen, L kidney, L adrenal gland, pancreas, colon and aorta are in which quadrant?

Answer 45

left upper quadrant

Question 46

The right lower quadrant contains what?

Answer 46

ileum, 1/2 of the ascending colon, cecum, appendix, and R ureter

Question 47

The left lower quadrant contains what?

Answer 47

ileum, colon (1/2 descending and sigm), jejunum, and L ureter

Question 48

An esophageal motor disorder characterized by aperistalisis and lack of relaxation of the lower sphincter in response to swallows

Answer 48

Achalasia/Stenosis

Question 49

When a portion of the stomach protrudes into the thorax it is called a _____

Answer 49

hiatal hernia

Question 50

Hypertrophy or obstruction of the pyloric sphincter causes

Answer 50

vomiting, weight loss, dehydration and a lack of bowel movements

Question 51

Which segment of the duodenum has mesentary?

Answer 51

the first part - the rest are retroperitoneal

Question 52

The suspensory ligament of the duodenum is the Ligament of _____

Answer 52

Treitz

Question 53

Both the bile and pancreatic ducts open in the duodenum at the

Answer 53

ampulla of Vater

Question 54

Obstruction of the ileocecal valve suggests

Answer 54

a polyp or tumor

Question 55

Intussusception is

Answer 55

the prolapse of one portion of the intestine

Question 56

3 ribbon-like thickening of the longitudinal muscle of the colon are called

Answer 56

Taeniae Coli

Question 57

McBurney's point is 2/3 the distance away from the _____

Answer 57

umbilicus

Question 58

Which surface of the liver is not covered with peritoneum?

Answer 58

Posterior (Anterior, superior, Postero-inferior areas, covered with peritoneum)

Question 59

What is the most likely place for fluid to accumulate around the liver?

Answer 59

Hepatorenal recess

Question 60

The hepatic portal vein is a union of the ____ and ____

Answer 60

Superior mesenteric vein (SMV) | Inferior mesenteric vern (IMV)

Question 61

The paletoglossal and paletopharyngeal arches define the boundaries of the ______ ___

Answer 61

tonsillar beds

Question 62

What separates the nasopharynx from the oropharynx?

Answer 62

The soft palate

Question 63

From what structure does the uvula hang?

Answer 63

The soft palate

Question 64

The 1 superior 2 inferior and 3 internal constrictors (elevate the pharynx and larynx during phonation/propel a bolus of food from the oral cavity to esophagus during swallowing)

Answer 64

propel a bolus of food from the oral cavity to esophagus durind swallowing

Question 65

The 1 stylopharyngeus 2 salpingopharyngeus and 3 palatoparyngeus (elevate the pharynx and larynx during phonation/propel a bolus of food from the oral cavity to esophagus during swallowing)

Answer 65

elevate the pharynx and larynx during phonation

Question 66

All muscles of the pharynx are innervated by _____ except the stylopharyngeus and tensor veli palatini

Answer 66

CN X

Question 67

The stylopharyngeus (a longitudinal muscle) is innervated by _____

Answer 67

CN IX

Question 68

Where are the: 1. levator veli palantini 2. tensor veli palantine 3. palatoglossus 4. palatopharyngeus 5. musculus uvulae

Answer 68

The soft palate

Question 69

What innervate the tensor veli palantini?

Answer 69

CN V branch 3

Question 70

What is the nerve supply for the 1 superior 2 inferior and 3 internal constrictors?

Answer 70

pharyngeal plexus (CN X)

Question 71

The auditory tube can become blocked if the _______ become enlarged during an infection

Answer 71

adenoids (pharyngeal tonsils)

Question 72

Which nerve lies deep to the palantine tonsils and must be avoided during a tonsillectomy?

Answer 72

CN IX (glossopharyngeal)

Question 73

What closes off the nasopharynx during swallowing?

Answer 73

Soft Palate muscles: 1. levator veli palantini 2. tensor veli palantine 3. palatoglossus 4. palatopharyngeus 5. musculus uvulae

Question 74

What group of muscles controls the decent of the larynx during the third stage of swallowing?

Answer 74

infrahyoids

Question 75

Which cranial nerves must be intact for swallowing to occur without incidence?

Answer 75

``` CN V(3) VII IX X XII ```

Question 76

Which nerve innervates the base of the tongue and lateral pharyngeal walls, important for the swallowing reflex?

Answer 76

Glossopharyngeal nerve | CN IX

Question 77

Which nerve helps manipulate a food bolus within the oral cavity during mastication?

Answer 77

CN VII (facial)

Question 78

Which nerve conveys sensation to epiglottis, false vocal cords and portions of the piriform recess, aiding in the initiation of swallowing?

Answer 78

superior laryngeal nerve | CN X branch

Question 79

What nerve provides special sensory fibers to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

Answer 79

CN IX hypoglossal

Question 80

The cystic duct and common hepatic duct combine to form the _____

Answer 80

common bile duct

Question 81

The pancreatic duct and common bile duct join at the ______

Answer 81

Ampulla of Vater, entrance to the duodenum

Question 82

The artery of Drumond connects all of the _____ together

Answer 82

arcades

Question 83

The head and body of the pancreas is (intraperitoneal/retroperitoneal)

Answer 83

retroperitneal