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Nursing 2nd Year > Physiology 2058 Respiratory > Flashcards

Physiology 2058 Respiratory Flashcards

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1
Q

Bronchioles

A

Smooth muscle, diameter alters, SNS controls

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2
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

mechanics of breathing, air from higher pressure area to lower pressure area, causes changes in volume of the lungs

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3
Q

Mechanics of breathing

A

inspiration- diaphragm contracts, volume of thorax increases and pressure within it falls, air to flow from outside into lungs
expiration- process reversed, aided by elastic recoil, passive

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4
Q

Lung compliance

A

Ease of lung expansion, healthy- highly compliant, for a given change in pressure, large change in volume, reduces WOB
over- compliant- emphysema
under - compliant - fibrosis
increase air way resistance reduces air flow- hard to breath

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5
Q

Surfactant

A

liquid produced by certain alveolar cells and lines in inner surface of alveoli, begins in utero, reduces surface tension, keeps airways open increasing compliance, in RDS preterm infants lack of surfactant increasing WOB

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6
Q

Lung volume and capacities

A

Measured using spirometry, varies, tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, functional residual capacity, vital capacity, residual volume

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7
Q

Tidal volume

A

volume of air moved in and out of lungs during a normal breath - minute volume= TV x RR

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8
Q

Expiratory reserve volume ERV

A

volume of extra air breathed out after normal expiration

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9
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume IRV

A

volume of extra air breathed in after normal inhalation

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10
Q

Functional residual capacity FRC

A

The volume of air in the lungs after a normal exhalation

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11
Q

Residual volume

A

Total volume of air left in lungs after maximum exhalation

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12
Q

Vital capacity

A

Maximum amount of air that can be moved in and out of the lungs in a single breath

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13
Q

Forced vital capacity

A

speed is important, peak flow meter

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14
Q

Atmospheric pressure

A

Air as gases, nitrogen, oxygen , carbon dioxide and water vapour exerting certain amount of total

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15
Q

Partial pressure

A

Each gas exerts an individual partial pressure

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16
Q

Inhaled air partial pressures

A

Nitrogen 79%, oxygen 20.9%, CO2 20.9%, water vapour .5%

17
Q

Alveolar Air

A

Nitrogen 75.4%, Oxygen 13.2%, CO2 5.2%, Water vapour 6.2%

18
Q

Gas exchange

A

diffusion, intimate relationship between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries, pulmonary vascular resistance is low facilitating good lung perfusion

19
Q

Criteria for Gas exchange across the resp membrane

A

Factors influencing diffusion- SA available, thickness of resp membrane (0.5microns), partial pressure gradient of the gases, lipid solubility of the gases, good ventilation/perfusion needed

20
Q

Pulmonary gas exchange

A

O2 diffuses down conc gradient across resp membrane from alveoli to pulmonary capillaries, around circulation bound to haemoglobin, small amount dissolved in plasma
CO2 diffuses down conc gradient across resp membrane from pulmonary capillaries into alveoli to be expelled

21
Q

O2 transport in blood

A

bound to haemoglobin, oxyhaemoglobin - reversible rxn, some dissolved in blood - partial pressure of O2, normal PO2 of arterial blood is 95-100mmHg, when blood reaches tissues, oxygen is released from Hb and diffuses into cells
Amount of O2 bound to Hb is influenced by PCO2, blood Ph, Temp

22
Q

Internal respiration

A

involves the diffusion of O2 acorss the capillary membrane into the cells

23
Q

CO2 transport in blood

A

23% as carbaminohemoglobin- venous side of circulation
70% as bicarbonate ions, through formation of carbonic acid
Small amount dissolved in plasma

24
Q

The resp centre

A

Medulla oblongata and Pons of brainstem, basic rhythm set by rhytmicity centre - involuntary
Inspiratory area- dorsal respiratory group neurones
Expiratory area- ventral respiratory group neurones

25
Q

Role of Chemoreceptors in Control of ventilation/ breathing

A

Central and peripheral, high blood supply
Central- detect changes in PCO2; H+
Peripheral- detect changes in PCO2, H+, and PO2 levels (only peripheral detect changes in PO2)

26
Q

Hypercapnia

A

Increase in PCO2 levels in blood

27
Q

Hypocapnia

A

Decrease in PCO2 levels in blood

28
Q

Hyperventilation

A

Increase in rate and depth of breathing

29
Q

Arterial blood gases

A

PO2, PCO2, pH, HCO3-

30
Q

What drives minute to minute breathing

A

PCO2 more powerful effect, as PCO2 increases, Ph decreases, blood more acidic normal blood 7.37-7.45

31
Q

O2 levels fall

A

powerful stimulatory effect on ventilation mediated by peripheral chemoreceptors

32
Q

Hypoxia

A

Lack of O2 in blood in hypoxaemia, leads to tissue hypoxia, lack of o2 to cells

33
Q

Cyanosis

A

dusky blueish seen in extremities and mucosa, build up of deoxyhemoglobin in blood

34
Q

Hypoxic hypoxia

A

decreased ability to oxygenate the blood, decrease in arterial PO2 (normal 95-100mmHg)

35
Q

Causes of hypoxic hypoxia

A

High altitude - reduced O2 levels in atmosphere, hyperventilates to improve oxygenation to blood
Hypoventilation- sufficient O2 in atmosphere but can’t oxygenate their blood properly COPD
Ventilation/ perfusion problems - match good ventilation of alveoli with normal perfusion of lung capillaries to that blood leaving is well oxygenated

36
Q

Types of hypoxia

A

Hypoxic hypoxia, Anaemic hypoxia, Stagnant/ishcaemic hypoxia, hystotoxic hypoxia

37
Q

Anaemic hypoxia

A

Anaemic hypoxia - PO2 normal but low Hb levels reduce ability to carry O2

38
Q

Stagnant/ ishcaemic hypoxia

A

PO2 normal, Hb normal, reduced blood supply to an organ

39
Q

Histotoxic hypoxia

A

Cells can’t use oxygen available to them, mitochondrial poisoning, cyanide gas- pesticides

Nursing 2nd Year (5 decks)

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