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Nursing 2nd Year > Physiology 2058 Blood > Flashcards

Physiology 2058 Blood Flashcards

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1
Q

Total body water

A

60% of BW- ECF and ICF

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2
Q

Red blood cells

A

Mature cells non nucleated, unusual biconcave shape

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3
Q

RBC/ erythrocyte production

A

Begins in utero, 6-7 months bone marrow takes over - all for children, sternum, vertebrae, ribs and pelvis for adults

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4
Q

Requirements for RBC production

A

Adequate nutrition, protein, vitamins B12 folic acid, hormone- erythropoietin released by kidney,
lack of RBC and/ or hb- anaemia- reduced O2 carrying capacity

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5
Q

Sequence of events in RBC production

A

Erythropoiesis
2.5 million RBC’s/ second
120 day lifespan
Old RBC’s removed from blood by phagocytic cells in liver, spleen and bon marrow- iron recycled back in Hb production

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6
Q

Role of erythropoietin in production

A

accent to high altitude will initiate a physiological increase in RBC production to combat lack of O2, synthetic EPO available, EPO in sport doping

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7
Q

Control of RBC production

A

Tissue oxygen levels decline - release of EPO- increased mitotic rate and acclerated maturation, increased numbers of circulating RBC, improved oxygen content of blood, tissue oxygen levels rise

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8
Q

Function of RBC

A

Contain Hb, oxygen trasnport, CO2 transport, blood buffer - maintain normal pH

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9
Q

Structure of HB

A

4 polypeptide chains, in foetus - HbF binds O2 easier than HbA, each linked to one haem molecule
Each haem contains one iron atom to which O2 associates
Haemoglobinopathies- abnormal Hb- sickle cell disease

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10
Q

Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve

A

Decreased p50 (increased affinity)- decrease temp, PCO2, increase pH
Increased P50- (decreased affinity)- increase temp, PCO2, decrease pH

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11
Q

RBC breakdown

A

lifespan 120 days- fragile, trapped in spleen, haem separated from globin, globin recycled as AA, haem breakdown yields iron- recycled, yields biliverdin and bilirubin

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12
Q

Anaemia causes

A

Sickle cell disease - genetic - symptoms in children- sickle cell haemolytic anaemia - sickled cells are fragile- blood transfusion need- cells trapped in microcirculation - obstruct blood flow - ischemia and pain, jaundice, stroke , resp symptoms

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13
Q

Blood groups

A

Determined by antigen present on red cell membrane, blood group O RH- -> no antigens to react with patients plasma
Rh +/-

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14
Q

Type A

A

Antigen A
Anti body B

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15
Q

Type B

A

Antigen B
Antibody A

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16
Q

Type AB

A

Antigen AB
Antibody - none

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17
Q

Type O

A

Antigen - none
Antibody AB

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18
Q

Blood transfusion

A

typed and cross match in serum

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19
Q

Rhesus incompatibility in pregnancy

A

If mother is Rh- and baby Rh+
Rh- produce antibodies to antigen D if contact is made with Rh+
Treatment injection of anti D- casues inactivation of any Rh antigen in maternal blood, doesn’t produce antibodies that can cross placenta and agglutinate with baby’s RBC

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20
Q

Role of platelets

A

Damage to endothelium allows platelets to bind to exposed collagen, von willebrand factor increases bond by binding collagen and platelets, they stick to collages and release ADP, serotonin and thromboxane A2- platelet release rxn

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21
Q

Clotting process

A

local vasoconstriction- reduce blood loss,
tissue thromboblastin activates extrinsic pathway while exposure of collagen activates intrinsic pathway,
prothrombin converted to thrombin by enzyme prothrombinase
Calcium ions and Vit K essential for normal clotting

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22
Q

What is fibrinolysis and how is it initiated

A

Enzymatic breakdown of the fibrin in blood clots, by the formation of fibrin

23
Q

WBC

A

Neutrophil, eosinphil, basophil, monocyte, lymphocyte

24
Q

Agranulocyutes

A

Lymphocytes, monocytes, platelelts, secretions include interleukins, TNF alpha, prostaglandis, bradykinin

25
Q

Lymphatic system

A

Network of vessels containing circulating fluid lymph, composed of cells - lymphocytes and series of supporting organs - lymph nodes, spleen and thymus
Drains IF and carries out immune responses

26
Q

NK Cells

A

Immunological surveillance, cytotoxic cells, non-specific, for viruses, bacteria, parasites, tumour cells

27
Q

B lymphocytes

A

Produce antibodies (plasma cells) which bind to antigens, circulate and found in lymph nodes

28
Q

Humoral immunity

A

antibody mediated immunity, makes antigen recognisable so it can be destroyed by opsoniation

29
Q

Antibody

A

molecule produced in response to an antigen which can bind specifically with the antigen which induced its formation, belong to protein group globulins

30
Q

Variable regions

A

Antigen binding sites

31
Q

Constant regions

A

Same as all antibodies of same isotope

32
Q

Types of antibodies

A

IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE

33
Q

Most abundant antibody/ immunoglobulin

A

IgG

34
Q

Primary response

A

Response takes time, first exposure

35
Q

Secondary response

A

faster, more extensive, memory cells

36
Q

Class of T cells

A

T helper cells- TH1 and TH2, T cytotoxic cells, T supressor cells, T natural killer cells

37
Q

T lymphocytes

A

Cell mediated immunity, helper T cells facilitate immune response, release lymphokines

38
Q

How do cytotoxic T cells recognise antigen

A

Antigen presenting cells (APC) needed, APC contain major histocompatibility, MHC I and II proteins on their membrane

39
Q

Antigen presentation

A

Process where certain cells in the body ingest and then present antigen on their surface in a form recognisable to the T cell

40
Q

What to APC’s do

A

take up pathogens, process them such that the T cells can now recognise them and destroy them, antigen ends up bound to MHC I protein

41
Q

Activation of helper T cells

A

APC essential, MHC class II protein, antigen bound to its MHC II molecule, and this activates the helper T cell through its receptor CD4, H cells release cytokines, stimulate cytotoxic T cells and B cell function

42
Q

Complement System

A

Collection of protein molecules which circulate in the blood in an inactive form,
Activated in a cascade fashion by presence of foreign antigen and can induce opsonization,
Functions in the innate (non-specific) and adaptive (specific) immune response,
Complement ultimately facilitates phagocytosis, inflammatory response and can destroy antigens/ pathogens

43
Q

Immunity

A

State of resistance against infection from a particular pathogen, 2 types non specific - innate, and specific - adaptive

44
Q

Immune system

A

detects presence of antigens and initiates a complex series of steps to neutralize them

45
Q

Non-specific/ Innate immunity

A

From birth,
Skin important first line of defence,
Respiratory tract
Tears - tear glands- easily blocked in newborns- tears contain lysozyme
GIT- GALT- IgA in saliva and along tract, acidic stomach, macrophages and IgG
CRP very useful as diagnostic marker for infection

46
Q

Inflammatory response

A

A component of innate/ non-specific immunity, function as localised battleground, C reactive protein increases as part of the IR- infection marker
IL-1 and IL-6 from macrophages target the hypothalamus- fever

47
Q

Specific Immunity

A

Responds to threats on individualised basis
- innate or acquired

48
Q

Acquired immunity

A

Prior exposure to antibody
Active or passive

49
Q

Active immunity

A

Produced by antibodies that develop in response to antigens
Naturally acquired active immunity or induced active immunity

50
Q

Naturally acquired active immunity

A

Develops after exposure to antigens in environment

51
Q

Induced active immunity

A

Develops after administration of antigen to prevent disease

52
Q

Passive immunity

A

Produced by transfer of antibodies from another person
Natural or induced passible immunity

53
Q

Natural passive immunity

A

Conferred by transfer of maternal antibodies across placenta or in breast milk

54
Q

Induced passive immunity

A

Conferred by adminisitration of antibodies to combat infection

Nursing 2nd Year (5 decks)

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