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Nursing 2nd Year > Physiology 2058 Lecture 1-4, basic and muscle > Flashcards

Physiology 2058 Lecture 1-4, basic and muscle Flashcards

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1
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

stimulates and regulates skeletal muscle

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2
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

stimulates and regulates cardiac and smooth muscle

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3
Q

Events at NMJ

A

chemical synapse, neuron synapses with skeletal muscle, neuron that supply skeletal muscle are myelinated and SNS (alpha, LMN, spinal cord), release of neurotransmitter ACh from neuron ends into synaptic cleft, ACh binds to receptors on motor end plate of muscle (AP), nerve AP cease, ACh broken down by enzyme anticholinesterases

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4
Q

Alterations of NMJ

A

decreased function of ACh receptors- neostigmine block breakdown of AChE and enhance ACh
decreased release of ACh- impaired syncoptic transmission
decreased interaction between ACh and ACh receptors

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5
Q

Skeletal muscle - slow red fibers

A

Leg and back, v good blood supply, myoglobulin +++ stores oxygen, reserve, mitochondria +++, aerobic metabolism, ATP +++, fatigue resistant

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6
Q

Skeletal muscle- fast white fibers

A

eye muscles, less myoglobulin, less mitochondria, glycolytic metabolism ++, fatigue rapidly

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7
Q

Organization of skeletal muscle fibers

A

Sarcolemma - plasma membrane
Myofibril - actin and myosin (protein)
T-tubules - spread of muscle AP
Mitochondria +++ - ATP +++
Sarcoplasmic reticulum - IC calcium storehouse, terminal cisternae

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8
Q

Myofibril

A

Myofilaments of actin, thin filament, myosin in sarcomeres, other proteins- troponin, tropomyosin, titin

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9
Q

Contraction/ relaxation cycle

A

Nerve impulse and MN, release ACh
ACh diffuses, synaptic cleft, binds receptors, muscle AP
Acetylcholinesterase in synaptic cleft destroys ACh, no AP unless increase ACh from MN
Muscle AP along trasnverse tubule, opens Ca channel in SR, Ca ions flood sarcoplasm
Ca binds to troponin on thin filament, expose myosin binding site
Contraction- power strokes use ATP, myosin binds to actin, swivel and release, thin filaments to sarcomere
Ca release, channels in SR close, Ca active transport pumps use ATP restore low level of Ca in sarcoplasm
Troponin-tropomyosin complex in back position, blocks myosin binding sites on actin
Muscle relaxes

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10
Q

Source of ATP

A

Creatine phosphate,
Anaerobic metabolism- glycolysis, excessive, increase lactic acid,
Aerobic metabolism - oxygen binding protein myoglobulin

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11
Q

Muscle twitch

A

simplest form of muscle contraction

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12
Q

Tetany

A

sustained contraction of skeletal muscle, increase force of contraction, repeated muscle stimulation, increase frequency

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13
Q

Cell neuron

A

basic functional unit in physiology

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14
Q

Basic structure of cell

A

nucleus, nucleolus, centriole, cytoplasm, microtubule
organelles and cytosplasm/cytosol > intracellular fluid
surrounded by extracellular fluid

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15
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Structure that marks boundary inside and outside of cell, controls what comes in/ out (selectively permeable), ions through ion channel proteins, water through aquaporins

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16
Q

Movement of substance across membranes

A

Diffusion, active transport, facilitated

17
Q

Body water compartments

A

50-60% H2O- ECF (1/3), ICF (2/3)
ECF- ISF (80%) and plasma (20%)
ECF accessed through plasma - IV fluids, drugs

18
Q

Nervous system

A

monitor internal and external environment, detects changes via sensory receptors

19
Q

CNS

A

coordinates different responses of organs - vol/ invol, with endocrine system

20
Q

Regulatory function

A

Ability of neurons to generate AP

21
Q

Neurons

A

type of cell, sensory, motor and interneuron, transmits info- AP, excitable tissue

22
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

plasma membrane polarized, uneven distrib. of +/- charge across membrane, inside more - , RMP -70mV, Na K exchange pumps maintains RMP (Na out, K in)

23
Q

Generation of AP

A

movement of ions over and back neuron through voltage gated ion channel proteins in plasma membrane

24
Q

Membrane potential changes

A

Stimulus to neuron, changes permeability of plasma membrane or Na and K
Polarity reversed (- to +), Na ions diffuse into cell through sodium ion channels - depolarization, milliseconds Na channels close, K opens - K out of cell, membrane potential- resting, repolarization

25
Q

AP

A

membrane potential must reach threshold, AP will always occur, must ne complete before another can be generated- refractory period

26
Q

refractory period

A

time neuron reaches threshold and returns at RMP

27
Q

AP propagation

A

Continuous conduction
Saltatory conduction

28
Q

Continuous conduction

A

unmyelinated neurons, local forward spread of current flow, continuous propagation - each section of axon sequentially depolarized, slow

29
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

Axons in myelinated sheath, intervals - nodes on Ranvier, AP only conducted at nodes, v fast- significant loss of myelin sheath in demyelinating disease

30
Q

Synapse

A

occurs when AP reaches end of a neuron, functional connection neuron and neuron/muscle/gland cell

31
Q

neuron- muscle synapse

A

muscle contraction

32
Q

neuron- neuron synapse

A

brain

33
Q

neuron - gland synapse

A

release hormone/ enzyme

34
Q

Muscle fibers

A

Motor unit - alpha motor neuron & all muscle fibers innervated by that neuron
large / small depending on precise control
increase force of contraction- smaller motor unity used first, more force needed more MU used

35
Q

Types of muscle contraction

A

Isotonic and Isometric

36
Q

Isotonic

A

constant tension, muscle length changes, object move through distance

37
Q

Isometric

A

Constant length, tension doesn’t exceed load

38
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

striated muscle across atria and on top of ventricles
extracellular Ca +++ and K - contraction
pacemaker, SA node spontaneous depolarization
potential longer than skeletal stops heart going into tetany
AP spreads via coupled cells, gap junctions, atria and into ventricles
no MU

39
Q

Smooth muscle

A

No sarcomeres
no troponin- calmodulin is Ca binding protein, activates enzyme myosin light chain kinase
Extracellular Ca +++- important with SR calcium - contraction
Contraction response to stimuli eg. hormones and stretch

Nursing 2nd Year (5 decks)

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