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Respiratory > Physiology 2 > Flashcards

Physiology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Major inspiratory muscles

A

External intercostal muscles

Diaphragm

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2
Q

Accessory muscles of inspiration?

A

Pectoral
Sternocleidomastoic
Scalenus

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3
Q

What do accessory muscles of inspiration do?

A

Contracts only during forceful respiration

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4
Q

Muscles of active expiration?

A

Internal intercostal muscles

Abdominal Muscles

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5
Q

What do muscles of active expiration do?

A

Contracts only in active expiration

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6
Q

Total lung capacity?

A

Over 7L

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7
Q

Tidal Volume?

A

Volume of air entering or leaving lungs during a single breath
TV
0.5L

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8
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume?

A

Extra volume of air that can be maximally inspired over and above the typical resting tidal volume
IRV
3.0L

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9
Q

Expiratory Reserve volume?

A

Extra volume of air that can be actively expired by maximal contraction beyond the normal volume of air after a resting tidal volume
ERV
1.0L

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10
Q

Residual Volume?

A

Minimum volume of air remaining in the lungs even after a maximal expiration
RV
1.2L

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11
Q

Inspiratory Capacity?

A

Maximum volume of air that can be inspired at the end of a normal quiet expiration
IC
3.5L

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12
Q

Equation for Inspiratory capacity?

A

IC= IRV + TV

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13
Q

Functional Residual Capacity?

A

Volume of air in lungs at end of normal passive expiration
FRC
2,2L

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14
Q

Equation for FRC?

A

FRC=ERV+RV

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15
Q

Vital Capacity?

A

Maximum volume of air that can be moved out during a single breath following a maximal inspiration
VC
4.5L

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16
Q

Vital Capacity Equation?

A

VC= IRV + TV + ERV

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17
Q

Total Lung Capacity?

A

Total volume of air the lungs can hold
TLC
5.7L

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18
Q

Total lung capacity equation?

A

TLC= VC + RV

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19
Q

What can not be measured by spirometry?

A

Residual Volume - hence not able to measure total lung volume by spirometry

20
Q

When does residual volume increase?

A

When the elastic recoil of lungs is lost eg emphysema

21
Q

What are dynamic lung volumes useful in?

A

Diagnosis of obstructive, restrictive lung disease

22
Q

Spirometry results for an airway obstruction?

A

FVC= low or normal
FEV1=low
FEV1/FVC= low

23
Q

Spirometry Results for a Lung restriction

A

FVC= Low
FEV1=low
FEV1/FVC=normal

24
Q

Spirometry results for combo of obstructuve and restrictive?

A

FVC=low
FEV1 =low
FEV1/FVC=low

25
Q

Airway resistance equation?

A

F= change in P/ r
F=Flow
P=Pressure
R= Resistance

26
Q

Primary determinant of resistance?

A

Radius of conducting airway

27
Q

Parasympathetic Stimulation causes?

A

Bronchoconstriction

28
Q

Sympathetic Stimulation causes?

A

Bronchodilatation

29
Q

What happens during inspiration?

A

Airways are pulled open by the expanding thorax

Intrapleural pressure falls during inspiration

30
Q

What happens during expiration?

A

Chest Recoils

Intrapleural pressure rises

31
Q

What helps push air out of the lungs?

A

Pressure applied to alveolus

32
Q

Dynamic airway compression in normal people?

A

Causes no problem
Increased airway resistance, increases in airway pressure upstream which helps open up the airways by increasing the driving pressure between the alveolus and the airways (the pressure downstream)

33
Q

Dynamic airway compression in people with obstruction?

A

Causes a problem
Driving pressure is lost between alveolus and airway over obstructed segment- causes fall in airway pressure along the airway downstream = airway compression by rising pleural pressure during active expiration

34
Q

When does dynamic compression of airways become worse in patients with an obstruction?

A

When the patient has decreased elastic recoil of lungs

35
Q

What does a peak flow meter do?

A

Gives an estimated of peak flow rate

36
Q

When is a peak flow test useful?

A

With patients who have an obstructive lung disease

37
Q

How is peak flow rate measured?

A

Patient does short sharp blow into machine, best of 3 attempts is taken

38
Q

What is pulmonary compliance?

A

A measure of how much effort has to go into stretching or distending the lungs

39
Q

The less compliant the lungs are…

A

The more work is required to produce a given degree of inflation

40
Q

Pulmonary compliance is decreased by?

A 
Pulmonary oedema 
Pulmonary fibrosis 
Lung collapse
pneumonia 
Absence of surfactant
41
Q

Decreased pulmonary compliance causes?

A

A greater change in pressure is needed to produce a given change in volume = shortness of breath

42
Q

Increased pulmonary compliance?

A

May occur if the elastic recoil of lungs is lost

Occurs in emphysema

43
Q

What does compliance increase with?

A

Increased age

44
Q

Energy required for quiet breathing?

A

3% of total energy expenditure

45
Q

When is work of breathing increased?

A

Pulmonary compliance decreases
Airway resistance increases
Elastic recoil is decreased
Need for increased ventilation

Respiratory (12 decks)

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