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Respiratory > Anatomy of Lungs > Flashcards

Anatomy of Lungs Flashcards

1
Q

Epithelium of the trachea is continuous with what?

A

Larynx

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2
Q

Where does the trachea begin?

A

Anterior to C6 vertebrae
In a ligamentous attachment to cricoid cartilage

Ends in mediastinum, Level with T5 vertebrae

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3
Q

What does the trachea branch into?

A

Right and left primary bronchi

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4
Q

Layers of trachea from deep to superficial?

A 
Mucosa 
Sub-mucosa 
Tracheal cartilages 
Trachealis Muscle
Adventitia
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5
Q

Describe the mucosa of the trachea?

A

Resembles nasal cavity and nasopharynx
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium- ciliated columnar cells and goblet cells
Underlying layer of elastic and reticular fibers

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6
Q

Describe the sub-mucosa of the trachea?

A

Thick layer of connective tissue
Surrounds mucosa
Contains mucous glands - secretory ducts in epithelial tissue

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7
Q

Describe the tracheal cartilages?

A

C-shaped

Open portion faces oesophagus - allows for distortion when swallowing

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8
Q

How many tracheal cartilages?

A

15-20

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9
Q

Role of tracheal cartilages?

A

Stiffen tracheal wall and protect airways

Prevent collapse or over expansion

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10
Q

Describe trachealis muscle?

A

Band of smooth muscle

Contraction reduces diameter of trachea- increases resistance to airflow

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11
Q

What connects the end of each tracheal cartilage?

A

Trachealis muscle and elastic ligament

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12
Q

What type of stimulation increases the diameter of the trachea?

A

Sympathetic

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13
Q

What is the carina?

A

Internal ridge separating 2 bronchi

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14
Q

Which primary bronchi is larger?

A

Right as it descends at a steeper angle

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15
Q

What is the groove which primary bronchi travel along called?

A

Hilum

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16
Q

What does the hilum allow to enter?

A

Pulmonary vessels
Nerves
Lymphatics

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17
Q

How many secondary bronchi?

A

One for each lobe of the lung

therefore 5

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18
Q

What do secondary bronchi branch into?

A

bronchioles

which branch into terminal bronchioles

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19
Q

Differences between bronchi and larger bronchioles?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
changes to
Simple columnar epithelium with some goblet cells

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20
Q

Histology of smaller bronchioles?

A

Ciliated simple cuboidal epithelium with NO goblet cells

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21
Q

Histology of terminal bronchioles?

A

Nonciliated simple cuboidal epithelium

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22
Q

What replaces incomplete tracheal rings in primary bronchi?

A

Plates of cartilage - these eventually disappear in distal bronchioles

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23
Q

What increases as cartilage decreases in trachea?

A

Smooth muscle increases

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24
Q

Which 2 neurotransmitters/hormones relax the smooth muscle which will dilate the airways?

A

Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

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25
Q

What hormone causes airways to constrict?

A

Histamine

26
Q

What membrane separates the two lungs in their chambers?

A

Mediastinum

27
Q

What membranes protect the lungs?

A

Pleural membranes

28
Q

What lines the inside of the thoracic wall?

A

Parietal pleura

29
Q

What membrane surround the actual lungs?

A

Visceral pleura

30
Q

What does the fluid between the pleura do?

A

Reduces friction between the 2 membranes

Causes surface tension causing them to stick together - ensuring the lungs will fill with air on inhalation

31
Q

What does each lung have structurally? (3)

A 
Apex (superior end of lung) 
3 surfaces (costal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic) 
3 borders (anterior, inferior &posterior)
32
Q

How many lobes are in the right lung?

A

3 lobes - Right upper, right middle and right lower

33
Q

How many lobes in left lung?

A

2 lobes- Left upper and left lower

34
Q

Why does the right lung have more lobes?

A

Heart sits in the left of the centre of the thoracic cavity

-Upper left lobe is shaped to accomodate the heart with the presence of the cardiac notch

35
Q

Where does the apex of the lung lie?

A

Superior to the medial thirds of the clavicles

36
Q

Where is the base of the lung?

A

Extends from 6th costal cartilage to the 10th thoracic vertebrae

37
Q

Blood supply of each lung?

A

Pulmonary artery supplying

2 Pulmonary Veins draining oxygenated blood from it

38
Q

What does the bronchial artery do?

A

Supply blood for nutrition to the root of the lung, supporting tissues of the lung and the visceral pleura

39
Q

What do terminal bronchioles branch into?

A

Alveolar ducts

40
Q

Describe an alveolus?

A

Cup shaped outpouching
Lined by simple squamous epithelium
Supported by thin elastic basement membrane

41
Q

Describe an alveolar sac?

A

Consists of 2 or more alveoli which share the same opening

42
Q

Describe a Type 1 alveolar cell?

A

Simple squamous epithelial cells

Forms a nearly continuous lining of alveolar walls

43
Q

What is the main site of gas exchange?

A

Type 1 alveolar cells

44
Q

Which are more common type 1 or type 2 alveolar cells?

A

Type 1 more common

45
Q

Describe type 2 alveolar cells?

A

Round or cuboidal epithelial cells

Free surfaces contain microvilli

46
Q

What do type 2 alveolar cells do?

A

Keeps surface between cells and air moist

Contain surfactant - lowers surface tension of alveolar fluid

47
Q

Describe the respiratory membrane?

A

Alveolar walls=Type 1 or type 2 alveolar cells and alveolar macrophages
Epithelial basement membrane=Underlies the alveolar wall
Capillary basement membrane= often fused with EBM
Capillary endothelium

48
Q

What is the pleura?

A

Serous membrane
2 types
Parietal = covers inner surface of thoracic wall and extends over diaphragm and mediastinum
Visceral= covers outer surface of lungs

49
Q

Function of pleura?

A

Secrete pleural fluid

  • moist slippery coat that provides lubrication
  • Reduces friction between pleura
50
Q

Where do bronchial arteries arise from?

A

Aortic arch, thoracic aorta or their branches (mianly IC arteries)

51
Q

What do bronchial arteries supply?

A

Oxygenated blood to the smooth muscle of the principal artery, intrapulmonary nerve, nerve ganglia, and interstitial lung tissue

52
Q

Where does the blood from the upper airway drain?

A

Into the right atrium

53
Q

Where does blood from the lower airway drain into?

A

Pulmonary veins

54
Q

How are the individual lobes of the lung supplied?

A

Output of the RV passes into the pulmonary arteries with subsequent branches

55
Q

What do the pulmonary veins drain into?

A

Emerge from each lung to empty into left atrium

56
Q

Pulmonary circulation has low resistance and high pressure. True or false?

A

False

Both are low - low resistance and low pressure

57
Q

How is pulmonary blood flow regulated?

A

Arterioles

58
Q

What are pulmonary arterioles regulated by?

A

Alveolar PO2 and PCO2

NOT autonomic nervous regulation

59
Q

What do arterioles constrict in response to?

A

Hypoxia
Hypercapnia

-The blood is diverted to better oxygenated areas

60
Q

How is the lungs response to hypoxia unique?

A

However in the lungs vasocontstriction occurs to divert pulmonary blood from poorly ventilated areas of the lungs to well ventilated

61
Q

What is vasoconstriction in the lungs caused by hypoxia called?

A

Ventilation perfusion coupling

- because the perfusion to each area of the lung matches the extent of ventilation to alveoli in that area

Respiratory (12 decks)

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