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Respiratory > Anatomy of Lungs > Flashcards

Anatomy of Lungs Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

Epithelium of the trachea is continuous with what?

A

Larynx

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2
Q

Where does the trachea begin?

A

Anterior to C6 vertebrae
In a ligamentous attachment to cricoid cartilage

Ends in mediastinum, Level with T5 vertebrae

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3
Q

What does the trachea branch into?

A

Right and left primary bronchi

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4
Q

Layers of trachea from deep to superficial?

A 
Mucosa 
Sub-mucosa 
Tracheal cartilages 
Trachealis Muscle
Adventitia
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5
Q

Describe the mucosa of the trachea?

A

Resembles nasal cavity and nasopharynx
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium- ciliated columnar cells and goblet cells
Underlying layer of elastic and reticular fibers

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6
Q

Describe the sub-mucosa of the trachea?

A

Thick layer of connective tissue
Surrounds mucosa
Contains mucous glands - secretory ducts in epithelial tissue

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7
Q

Describe the tracheal cartilages?

A

C-shaped

Open portion faces oesophagus - allows for distortion when swallowing

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8
Q

How many tracheal cartilages?

A

15-20

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9
Q

Role of tracheal cartilages?

A

Stiffen tracheal wall and protect airways

Prevent collapse or over expansion

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10
Q

Describe trachealis muscle?

A

Band of smooth muscle

Contraction reduces diameter of trachea- increases resistance to airflow

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11
Q

What connects the end of each tracheal cartilage?

A

Trachealis muscle and elastic ligament

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12
Q

What type of stimulation increases the diameter of the trachea?

A

Sympathetic

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13
Q

What is the carina?

A

Internal ridge separating 2 bronchi

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14
Q

Which primary bronchi is larger?

A

Right as it descends at a steeper angle

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15
Q

What is the groove which primary bronchi travel along called?

A

Hilum

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16
Q

What does the hilum allow to enter?

A

Pulmonary vessels
Nerves
Lymphatics

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17
Q

How many secondary bronchi?

A

One for each lobe of the lung

therefore 5

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18
Q

What do secondary bronchi branch into?

A

bronchioles

which branch into terminal bronchioles

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19
Q

Differences between bronchi and larger bronchioles?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
changes to
Simple columnar epithelium with some goblet cells

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20
Q

Histology of smaller bronchioles?

A

Ciliated simple cuboidal epithelium with NO goblet cells

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21
Q

Histology of terminal bronchioles?

A

Nonciliated simple cuboidal epithelium

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22
Q

What replaces incomplete tracheal rings in primary bronchi?

A

Plates of cartilage - these eventually disappear in distal bronchioles

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23
Q

What increases as cartilage decreases in trachea?

A

Smooth muscle increases

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24
Q

Which 2 neurotransmitters/hormones relax the smooth muscle which will dilate the airways?

A

Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

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25
What hormone causes airways to constrict?
Histamine
26
What membrane separates the two lungs in their chambers?
Mediastinum
27
What membranes protect the lungs?
Pleural membranes
28
What lines the inside of the thoracic wall?
Parietal pleura
29
What membrane surround the actual lungs?
Visceral pleura
30
What does the fluid between the pleura do?
Reduces friction between the 2 membranes | Causes surface tension causing them to stick together - ensuring the lungs will fill with air on inhalation
31
What does each lung have structurally? (3)
``` Apex (superior end of lung) 3 surfaces (costal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic) 3 borders (anterior, inferior &posterior) ```
32
How many lobes are in the right lung?
3 lobes - Right upper, right middle and right lower
33
How many lobes in left lung?
2 lobes- Left upper and left lower
34
Why does the right lung have more lobes?
Heart sits in the left of the centre of the thoracic cavity -Upper left lobe is shaped to accomodate the heart with the presence of the cardiac notch
35
Where does the apex of the lung lie?
Superior to the medial thirds of the clavicles
36
Where is the base of the lung?
Extends from 6th costal cartilage to the 10th thoracic vertebrae
37
Blood supply of each lung?
Pulmonary artery supplying | 2 Pulmonary Veins draining oxygenated blood from it
38
What does the bronchial artery do?
Supply blood for nutrition to the root of the lung, supporting tissues of the lung and the visceral pleura
39
What do terminal bronchioles branch into?
Alveolar ducts
40
Describe an alveolus?
Cup shaped outpouching Lined by simple squamous epithelium Supported by thin elastic basement membrane
41
Describe an alveolar sac?
Consists of 2 or more alveoli which share the same opening
42
Describe a Type 1 alveolar cell?
Simple squamous epithelial cells | Forms a nearly continuous lining of alveolar walls
43
What is the main site of gas exchange?
Type 1 alveolar cells
44
Which are more common type 1 or type 2 alveolar cells?
Type 1 more common
45
Describe type 2 alveolar cells?
Round or cuboidal epithelial cells | Free surfaces contain microvilli
46
What do type 2 alveolar cells do?
Keeps surface between cells and air moist | Contain surfactant - lowers surface tension of alveolar fluid
47
Describe the respiratory membrane?
Alveolar walls=Type 1 or type 2 alveolar cells and alveolar macrophages Epithelial basement membrane=Underlies the alveolar wall Capillary basement membrane= often fused with EBM Capillary endothelium
48
What is the pleura?
Serous membrane 2 types Parietal = covers inner surface of thoracic wall and extends over diaphragm and mediastinum Visceral= covers outer surface of lungs
49
Function of pleura?
Secrete pleural fluid - moist slippery coat that provides lubrication - Reduces friction between pleura
50
Where do bronchial arteries arise from?
Aortic arch, thoracic aorta or their branches (mianly IC arteries)
51
What do bronchial arteries supply?
Oxygenated blood to the smooth muscle of the principal artery, intrapulmonary nerve, nerve ganglia, and interstitial lung tissue
52
Where does the blood from the upper airway drain?
Into the right atrium
53
Where does blood from the lower airway drain into?
Pulmonary veins
54
How are the individual lobes of the lung supplied?
Output of the RV passes into the pulmonary arteries with subsequent branches
55
What do the pulmonary veins drain into?
Emerge from each lung to empty into left atrium
56
Pulmonary circulation has low resistance and high pressure. True or false?
False | Both are low - low resistance and low pressure
57
How is pulmonary blood flow regulated?
Arterioles
58
What are pulmonary arterioles regulated by?
Alveolar PO2 and PCO2 | NOT autonomic nervous regulation
59
What do arterioles constrict in response to?
Hypoxia Hypercapnia -The blood is diverted to better oxygenated areas
60
How is the lungs response to hypoxia unique?
Vasodilation in all other body tissues occurs to increase blood flow - However in the lungs vasocontstriction occurs to divert pulmonary blood from poorly ventilated areas of the lungs to well ventilated
61
What is vasoconstriction in the lungs caused by hypoxia called?
Ventilation perfusion coupling | - because the perfusion to each area of the lung matches the extent of ventilation to alveoli in that area

Respiratory (12 decks)

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