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KT 1.4 > Physiology 1.4 > Flashcards

Physiology 1.4 Flashcards

1
Q

whats typical for inflammation phase? what forms?

A

hematoma

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2
Q

symptoms of inflammation during tendon healing

A

pain in/around the tendon

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3
Q

what forms during proliferation pahse

A

collagen type 3, new blood vessels, granulation tissue (new capillaries growing)

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4
Q

whats typical to proliferation phase regarding leg circumference/muscle belly

A

decrease in muscle size

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5
Q

most important signs of proliferation phase?

A

decreased ROM; Changed inter-intramuscular coordination-> leads to preventative stiffness around joints ; Stiff joints (prevention strategy of the body)

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6
Q

most important symptoms of proliferation phase?

A

decreased motor control; changed inter-intramuscular coordination

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7
Q

most important sign of remodeling phase?

A

decrease in joint mobility/stiffness

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8
Q

most important symptoms of remodelling phase

A

fatigue in gastrocnemius; muscle atrophy; decrease in motor control

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9
Q

exercise: band on sole, press foot into plantarflexion. which menchanisms is this training

A

contraction of gastroc (stimulates protein synthesis of actin-myosin); resistance of tendino-myogenic and bone-tenodn junctions (stimulate fibroblast activity (collagen formation)

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10
Q

what should treatment of meniscal tear focus on

A

strength, mobility

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11
Q

how do you objectify exertion?

A

borg scale 6-20

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12
Q

whats the Karvonen equation (%of HRR)

A

Hfmax - Hfrest

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13
Q

whats overload?

A

gradually increase intensity/weight/frequency/nr of reps

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14
Q

explain pros of supercompensation

A

allows athlete with the right training load with proper recovery to develop capacity for even better level of performance

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15
Q

whats reversibility

A

the loss of training adaptations as a result of stopping to training (u lose it if you don’t use it)

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16
Q

explain specificity in training

A

adaptations to training are specific to training (eg if youre training endurance, that’s whats gonna improve)

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17
Q

how long is recovery after endurance capacity traiining

A

24hrs

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18
Q

where is glucose stored and as what?

A

glycogen in liver and skeletal muscle

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19
Q

name micronutrients

A

vitamins and minerals

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20
Q

which of macronutrients is essential as a vitamin carrier?

A

lipids/fats

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21
Q

which macronutrient protects vital organs?

A

lipids/fats

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22
Q

what are the amino acids called that our body cannot create itself so they must be consumed?

A

essential acids (eg isoleucine, leucine, valine)

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23
Q

name water soluble vitamins

A

Vit B and C

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24
Q

name fat soluble vitamins

A

vit A, D, E, K

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25
Q

which vitamins are important for bone health

A

vit D and K

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26
Q

which vitamin is important in bloot clotting

A

vit K

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27
Q

which is the vision vitamin?

A

vit A

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28
Q

which vitamin is important in skin, bone health, infections?

A

vit C

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29
Q

which vitamin is involved in energy metabolism?

A

vit B

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30
Q

which vitamin enhances immune system? and affects arteries?

A

vit C

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31
Q

what does Vit D do?

A

regulates blood calcium and phosphorus levels,

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32
Q

what does vit D deficiency lead to?

A

rickets in children, osteomalacia in adults

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33
Q

what does vit K deficiency lead to?

A

bleeding, bruising

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34
Q

whats function of minerals?

A

bones, nerve impulses, enyzmes function

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35
Q

what is calcium? name its function and where its found

A

a mineral; bone structure; blood clotting, nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction; found in dairy products

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36
Q

which mineral is involved in muscle contraction, blood clotting, bone matrix, nerve function, cellular metabolism?

A

calcium

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37
Q

name 2 minerals

A

calcium and magnesium

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38
Q

function of magenesium?

A

maintains muscle and nerve function; keeps bones strong; relaxes muscle

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39
Q

name an example of a change in muscle property

A

muscle atrophy

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40
Q

describe changes in muscle fibers

A

reduced capillary density, increased CO2, decreased O2

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41
Q

what happens to type 1 fibers in the neck when there are changes in muscle fibers, fatty infiltration and muscle atrophy? and why is this a problem?

A

type 1 change into type 2b which are not suited for maintaining posture. they tire quickly

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42
Q

describe properties of type 2b fibers

A

Fast twitch

Little mitochondria

Tired quickly

Limited aerobic metabolism

High anaerobic capacity

Largest, fastest muscle fibers

Lots of power but not efficient

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43
Q

name the deep neck flexors

A

longus colli, capitas longum

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44
Q

is it more difficult to maintain posture of global muscles or local muscles?

A

global

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45
Q

whats the function of local muscles?

A

coordination and muscle endurance

46
Q

which type of fibers are local muscles made up of?

A

slow twitch type 1

47
Q

describe type 1 fibers

A

Slow fibers, lots of mitochondria, many capillaries, high resistance to fatigue, aerobic metabolism, efficient but less powerful

48
Q

the muscles that provide segmental stability in the neck as well as neutral vertebral position (upright posture): what are they called?

A

local stabilisers

49
Q

what does dysfunction of local stabilisers lead to?

A

local stabiliser atrophy, changes in muscle fibers, infiltration of fat

50
Q

name global stabilisers in the neck

A

sternocleidomastoid, scalenii, trapz descendens, levator scapula, longissimus, splenius, hyoids

51
Q

which muscles control the ROM?

A

global stabilisers

52
Q

whats the result of dysfunction of global stabilisers?

A

Muscle strength in different contraction forms (Disability of concentric contraction; Decrease of isometric endurance and strength; Poor eccentric control;
Increased muscle tension)

53
Q

motor control impairments in the neck: what are we talking about exactly? underlying cause?

A
  • Reduced ability for contraction caused by decreased strength of deep neck flexors;
  • Changed contraction patterns
  • Reduced neuromuscular efficiency
  • Loss of segmental motor control
54
Q

describe neck pain grade 1

A

neck pain, no symptoms suggesting major pathology, no/minor interference with ADLs

55
Q

describe neck pain grade 2

A

neck pain, no symptoms of pathology, interference with ADLs

56
Q

describe neck pain grade 3

A

neck pain, no symptoms of pathology, presence of neurological signs eg weakness

57
Q

describe neck pain grade 4

A

signs or symptoms of pathology eg fracture

58
Q

name 3 tests to test neck pain grade 3 (neurological symptoms)

A

ULTT (upper limb tension test); spurling; cervical traction/distraction test

59
Q

describe the spurlings test for neck pain

A

testing radicular pain in neck. PT turns patient’s head to the affected side while extending and applying downward pressure to the top of the patients head. one hand on shoulder to stabilize torso.

60
Q

explain the ULTT test for neck pain

A

tests for radicular symptoms; tension on nerves. shoulder pressed down, arm ABD to 110degrees, 90deg ext rot of arm, extend wrist and fingers and extend elbow

61
Q

explain spurling test

A

tests for cervical radicular syndrome. first, extend the head, flex laterally to the affected side, then apply axial compression. pain elicited?

62
Q

signs and symptoms of non-specific neck pain?

A
  • Intolerance to long term static postures
  • Tiredness, inability to keep head up
  • Better with external support
  • Continuous need for self manipulation
  • Sensation of instability, shaking or loss of head control (places arms under chin for support)
  • Pain worse at the end of the day
  • Episodes of acute neck pain complaints
63
Q

clinimetrics/questionnaires for neck pain?

A

NPRS: numeric pain rating scale

NDI

Neck bournemouth questionnaire

PSFS patient specific functional scale

64
Q

upper crossed syndrome

A

shortened pectoralis and SCM + weak deep cervical flexors + weak lower trapezius and serratus ant. + shortened upper traps and levator scapula

65
Q

name some aspects you could find in someone with nonspecific neck pain during physical examination

A

Poor coordination: Changes in contraction patterns
Motion not smooth through ROM
Abberant movement
Hypomobility of upper thoracic spine
Increased muscle tone, spasms, muscle guarding:
Difference between AROM and PROM
Decreased endurance of deep neck flexors
Pain provocation by compression or traction

66
Q

how to test deep neck flexors

A

cranio cervical flexion test (CCFT)

67
Q

when you see a huge increase in EMG activity while doing harris endurance test or CCFT, what does it mean?

A

global muscles are engaged (but you want to be testing for local deep neck flexors so should avoid these peaks/engagement or global)

68
Q

how do you test cervical extensor muscles?

A

cervical extensor endurance test

69
Q

describe treatment profile A for neck pain

A

used when normal recovery course; inform and advise mostly and advise on work related risk factors, max 3 sessions

70
Q

describe treatment profile B

A

abnormal recovery course; inform and advise, recommend additional therapy (exercise therapy + cervical and/or thoracic mobilisations),

71
Q

whats the focus of treatment profile C neck pain

A

behaviour, psychological aspect. (encourage gradual increase in PA)

72
Q

what type of exercise therapy is most important for treatment profile B and C

A

stability training (strength + stability of cervicothoracic region, endurance training + neuromuscular reeducation exercises and stretches

73
Q

whats the goal with stabilizing exercises for neck pain?

A

activate deep cranial cervical flexors, endurance training deep neck flexors and extensors, muscle strengthening

74
Q

how can we train the contraction of local deep neck flexors?

A

pressure pillow: do increments, increase by 2mm, hold for 10 seconds. feedback from the pressure unit. they can see how much pressure they put on the pillow.

75
Q

what can you use to perform isometric stabilizing exercises?

A

a band (long, different strengths)

76
Q

whats a good protocol (sets x reps) to train neck muscles/stability/endurance?

A

3x20reps

77
Q

how can you train

A
78
Q

risk factors for achilles tendon rupture

A

sports (with change direction); older age, corticosteroid injections, Males, smoking

79
Q

which structure is regenerating for up to or even longer than a year after a lesion in a tendon?

A

nerves

80
Q

why is pain a good thing?

A

it senses harmful stimuli, heightens sensitivity after tissue damage to reduce further damage

81
Q

how long can acute pain last?

A

1-6months max

82
Q

whats neuropathic pain

A

pain arising from neurological structure damage

83
Q

what is nociceptive pain

A

pain that arises from actual or threatened damage to non-neuronal tissue and is due to activation of nociceptors

84
Q

cutting yourself is what type of nociceptive brain?

A

somatic

85
Q

whats transduction?

A

transduction of noxious mechanical and chemical stimuli into electrical signals in nociceptors

86
Q

whats transmission

A

nervous signals - travels through spinal cord to higher centers where it may be perceived as pain

87
Q

whats modulation

A

nervous system can alter pain sensitivity via inhibition or facilitation

88
Q

name fibers in the ascending nociceptive tract

A

A delta fibers and C nerve fibers

89
Q

name which hormones are part of descending inhibitory /facilitatory tract

A

dopamine, seratonin, norepinephrine

90
Q

what are the A delta fibers

A

respond to strong stimuli, respond fast, mechanical/mechanotheramal stimuli; myelinated fibers

91
Q

function of C nerve fibers

A

respond to thermal, mechanical and chemical stimuli

92
Q

which fibers sense sharp pain

A

A delta

93
Q

which fibers sense dull aching longer lasting pain

A

C fibers

94
Q

whats the trigeminal pathway related to

A

pathway related to all nerves in the face

95
Q

explain gate control theory

A

a nonpainful stimulus blocking transmission of a noxious stimuli eg rub area to reduce pain sensation

96
Q

endogenous opioids

A

molecules that are produced in the brain, circulate through all organ systems, try to limit transmission of nociceptive signals

97
Q

whats IGF 1

A

growth hormone

98
Q

which white blood cells are released during inflammation

A

neutrophils, macrophages

99
Q
  1. signs of inflammation phase

2. symptom of it

A
  1. colouring, warm sensation, thickening/swelling

2. pain reported by patient in/around the affected area

100
Q

whats functio leasia

A

decreased changed activity level, eg different walking pattern, loss of capacity to function properly. eg when tendon ruptures, no PFL possible

101
Q

whats happening to the tissue during proliferation

A

growth of new tissue, new blood vessels forming; skin healing

102
Q

signs: muscle atrophy, metabolic stress, decreased mechanotransduction, decreased protein synthesis. signs of which phase: inflammation, prolif or remodeling?

A

remodeling

103
Q

1 sign of proliferation phase
1 symptom of proliferation phase
explain why this happens

A

sign: less ROM
symptom: less motor control
happens due to decreased/changed inter-intramuscular coordination

104
Q

remodeling phase

name signs and symptoms

A

signs: stiffness, decreased joint mobility
symptoms: muscle fatigue, muscle cramps, decreased motor control

105
Q

during which phase of tissue recovery after an injury do you start loading the area and why?

A

proliferation, to encourage motor control and optimal tissue remodeling

loading = contractions, stretch, mobilisations

106
Q

banded active plantarflexion: name what you are stimulating on a tissue level, why do this exercise?

A
  1. stimulate protein synthesis (actin myosin more active)
  2. stimulate fibroblast activity (collagen deposition)
  3. neovascularisation
  4. improve tendon tissue
107
Q

banded passive plantarlfexion( patient pulls the band and just resists force from the band). benefits? why do this exercise?

A

using stretch stimulus to work mobility and strengthening,

108
Q

deficiency of vitamin k leads to what

A

easy bleeding, easy bruising

109
Q

function vit K

A

blood clotting, bone health, anti-bone loss

110
Q

function of magnesium

A

nerve transmission, nerve function, muscle function, relaxes muscles

KT 1.4 (8 decks)

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