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KT 1.4 > Motor control 1.4 > Flashcards

Motor control 1.4 Flashcards

1
Q

whats a sign

A

something that can be externally observed eg heart rate

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2
Q

whats a symptom

A

what the person feeling it expresses eg stress, anxiety

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3
Q

whats a positive symptom

A

hyper = means you gain something after damage

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4
Q

whats a negative symptom

A

hypo = lose something after damage eg loss of of muscle activity

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5
Q

after a lesion in descending motor system, which 2 systems and in which order are affected

A

1st: primary neuromuscular impairments; 2nd: secondary musculoskeletal

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6
Q

whats the term given to muscle weakness caused by nerve damage?

A

paresis

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7
Q

whats the term for abnormal muscle tone?

A

spasticity

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8
Q

term given to loss of selective muscle activation?

A

individuation

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9
Q

an example of selective muscle activation

A

you can first bend you arm, then extend index finger

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10
Q

what happens with motor cortex deficit? name 5 things

A

spasticity, individuation, coactivation at wrong times, paresis, abnormal synergies

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11
Q

whats is hemiplegia

A

severe/complete loss of strength or paralysis on one side of the body

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12
Q

whats hemiparesis

A

mild/partial weakness or loss of strength on one side of the body

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13
Q

are extensors or flexors more affected with motor cortex impairments

A

flexors

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14
Q

definition of spasticity

A

a motor disorder characterised by a velocity dependent increase in tonic stretch reflexes with exaggerated tendon jerks, results from hyperexcitability of stretch reflex, part of upper motor neuron syndrome

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15
Q

Individuation refers to ..

A

the ability to selectively activate a muscle

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16
Q

function of cerebellum?

A

involved virtually in all movement: regulates movement and posture; balance

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17
Q

what’s the result of damage to cerebellum?

A

incoordination of movement

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18
Q

if you develop incoordination of movement, what part of brain was affected/damaged?

A

cerebellum

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19
Q

which part is important in balance and eye movement?

A

cerebellum

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20
Q

if damage of cerebellum is on the right side, on which side of the body are the motor function impairments?

A

ipsilateral (same) aka right side

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21
Q

which 2 aspects of motor control are disturbed when there is damage to cerebellum?

A

voluntary movements and balance (leads to lack of muscle control and coordination, difficulty walking, abnormal eye movement)

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22
Q

what is ataxia

A

group of disorders that affect coordination, speech, balance

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23
Q

whats hypotonia

A

low muscle tone, limbs feel limp, decreased muscle contraction

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24
Q

what is coordination? regarding movement

A

sequence of movement, timing, tuning of activation of different muscle groups

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25
Q

what are tremors? and how can they be caused?

A

involuntary movement of a body part; by cerebellar damage

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26
Q

name 2 different impairments that result from basal ganglia damage

A

hypokinetic impairments (low muscle tone, slow movements, freezing of movement) and hyperkinetic impairments (movement is fast)

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27
Q

describe some hypokinetic impairments (resulting from basal ganglia impairments)

A

bradykinesia, akinesia

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28
Q

which known disease is a result of basal ganglia impairments?

A

parkinson’s

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29
Q

function of basal ganglia?

A

motor control (motor learning, executive function)

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30
Q

name the decider/implementer; the builder and the architect

A

decider: cerebrum; builder: cerebellum; architect: cerebellum

31
Q

what does the builder of the brain do (cerebellum)

A

supervision, alteration, correction of movement

32
Q

explains how cerebrum, cerebellum and basal ganglia work regarding movement

A

cerebrum decides to perform movement; basal ganglia constructs and creates the movement; cerebellum babysits/supervises/alters and corrects movement

33
Q

name the 3 sensory, perceptual systems

A

visual, vestibular, somatosensory (=the network of neural structures in the brain and body that produce the perception of touch, as well as temperature, body position, and pain. It is a subset of the sensory nervous system, which also represents visual, auditory, olfactory, and gustatory stimuli.)

34
Q

name 4 action systems

A

motor cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum, brainstem

35
Q

high muscle tone is an example of what type of sign? (positive or negative)

A

positive (smth added, extra)

36
Q

name what happens after a lesion in descending motor system aka primary vs secondary effects

A

primary neuromuscular impairments: paresis, spasticity; secondary musculoskeletal : structural or functional changes in muscles and joints

37
Q

which part of brain coordinates muscle activation?

A

cerebellum

38
Q

motor cortex deficit: whats the result of motor weakness?

A

inability to generate sufficient strength (eg muscles, affects ability to move)

39
Q

whats the term given for very high muscle tone

A

rigidity and spasticity

40
Q

no muscle tone is termed as what?

A

flaccidity

41
Q

hyper active stretch reflex is related to what condition?

A

spasticity

42
Q

what is clonus

A

involuntary, rhythmic muscle contractions caused by permanent lesion in descending motor neurons

43
Q

clonus is found in which structures more commonly- proximal or distal? give an example of a joint

A

more distal; ankle

44
Q

what does lack of individuation lead to?

A

abnormal synergies (abnormal pattern of muscle activation)

45
Q

if you have problems with proprioception, which sensory/perceptual system is affected(deficit)?

A

somatosensory

46
Q

if you have problems with gait, posture and balance, which sensory/perceptual system is affected?

A

vestibular

47
Q

if theres a problem in motor cortex, what happens to information going to muscles?

A

might not reach muscles

48
Q

huge function of cerebellum regarding movement?

A

timing of muscle action; coordinates movement; maintains balance; motor learning (movements that require practice and fine tuning)

49
Q

if there is no fault correction, which part of the brain is impaired?

A

cerebellum

50
Q

cerebellar impairments: signs and symptoms?

A

Most common disturbed muscle control: balance and voluntary movement

Lack of muscle control/coordination

NO FAULT CORRECTION

Difficulty walking

Slurred speech

Abnormal eye movement

51
Q

which part of brain is responsible for COORDINATION of movement

A

cerebellum

52
Q

dysmetria: explain

A

lack of coordination of movement typified by the undershoot or overshoot of intended position with the hand, arm; inability to scale distance

53
Q

when you see a patient having trouble with motor learning for a long time, which part of the brain was affected? and why are they taking longer than normal?

A

cerebellum; due to no fault correction

54
Q

bradykinesia/akinesial rigidity and rest tumour: the result of what type of impairment?

A

basal ganglia impairment; hypkinetic impairment

55
Q

explain chorea (hypertonic impairment, basal ganglia)

A

involuntary, rapid , irregular jerky movements

56
Q

whats athetosis movement

A

slow involuntary movement; neck, face, tongue

57
Q

whats dystonia

A

sustained muscle contraction: muscles constantly contracted, abnormal movements as a result

58
Q

cerebellum, the builder. what does it do?

A

supervises, alters and corrects movement

59
Q

whats apraxia, give an example

A

Apraxia is a neurological disorder characterized by the inability to perform learned (familiar) movements on command, even though the command is understood and there is a willingness to perform the movement.

Example: tie shoes

60
Q

apraxia is the result of lesion on which hemisphere?

A

right hemisphere

61
Q

whats the result of lesion on left hemisphere? name some consequences

A

agnosia (recognition disorder); aphasia (language and speech disorder)

62
Q

whats aphasia

A

language and speech disorder

63
Q

whats agnosia

A

inability to recognize and identify objects or people

64
Q

suboccipital spine consists of ..?

A

C0 -C2 vertebrae

65
Q

how can you tella difference between vertebral body of C, T and L spines?

A

vertebral body much smaller; 2 transverse (holes); the foramen (hole in the middle where spinal cord passes) is triangle shaped. for T and L its more round o-shaped

66
Q

which spine’s vertebraes have articular facets for ribs?

A

thoracic

67
Q

how do you recognize atlas C1?

A

no vertebral body, no transverse processes. has articular facets for skull (on both sides)

68
Q

which structure is only on C2 axis vertebrae? function of this?

A

dens ; extends superiorly, function: allows rotation between atlas and axis

69
Q

what are spinous processes?

A

bonylandmarks that you can palpate on your spine

70
Q

C0-C2 are synovial joints. what does that mean?

A

have a capsule, not an intervertebral disc

71
Q

whats special about the spinous process of cervical spine?

A

its split (2 ends)

72
Q

function of transverse ligament on atlas

A

maintains position of dens

73
Q

function of alar ligament?

A

prevents anterior/posterior translation of occiput C1

74
Q

function of nuchal ligament?

A

prevents forward head posture (starts at C0 to C7)

KT 1.4 (8 decks)

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