Physiology Flashcards
1
Q
Which part of the body carries information to and from sense receptors, motor nerves, and skeletal muscles?
A
somatic nervous system
2
Q
________ is a functional brain imaging technique that provides information on the functional activities of the brain (e.g. regional cerebral blood flow).
A
Positron-emission tomography (PET)
3
Q
______ acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter in many areas of the brain. It plays a role in learning and memory and, more specifically, in long-term potentiation (LTP), a brain mechanism that is believed to be responsible for the formation of long-term memories.
A
glutamate
4
Q
Spinal cord injury at the sacral level will cause:
A
Loss of functioning in the hips and legs
5
Q
Loss of control in the fingers and hands is caused by damage to
A
a lower cervical nerve (C6 or C8) or by a combination of damage to a lower cervical nerve and T1 (the first thoracic nerve)
6
Q
Quadriplegia (loss of functioning in the arms and legs) results from damage at the ____ level
A
cervical
“Me before you”, Will Traynor was QUADriplegic. he loved Lou. He wanted to hit that CERVIX (sex) (CERVICAL)
7
Q
Loss of control of the trunk area is caused by damage at the
A
thoracic level, especially T1-T8.
8
Q
Lesions to the right (non-dominant) hemisphere would most likely produce:
A
Indifference or euphoria
9
Q
A split-brain patient is staring straight ahead when the word “head band” is flashed directly in front of her. The woman will most likely verbally report seeing which of the following?
A
Band
Split-brain patients are individuals whose corpus callosum has been severed as a treatment for epilepsy. Because her corpus callosum has been severed, the woman will only be able to verbally state what was directly perceived by her left hemisphere, which is what was in the right visual field (i.e. the word “band”).
10
Q
Damage to what area of the brain may lead to uncontrollable laughter or intense rage and aggression?
A
hypothalamus
The hypothalamus is involved in regulating hunger, thirst, sex, sleep, body temperature, movement, and emotional reactions. It also maintains homeostasis through its influence on the autonomic nervous system, pituitary gland, and other endocrine glands. Damage to the hypothalamus can cause very intense emotional reactions.
11
Q
Wernike’s aphasia involves:
A
Fluent output, impaired repetition, poor comprehension
The term “aphasia” refers to a loss of language functioning as the result of brain impairment. Damage to the temporal lobe may result in Wernicke’s aphasia. Fluent speech that is devoid of content, impaired repetition, and poor comprehension of written and spoken language are symptoms of Wernicke’s aphasia.
12
Q
This part of the brain transmits sensory information to the appropriate areas of the cortex for all senses except olfaction.
A
thalamus
The thalamus is located in the subcortical region of the forebrain and acts as a “relay station” for sensory information.
13
Q
Research conducted in the 1930s found that ablation of the anterior temporal lobes in male rhesus monkeys produced a variety of symptoms including hypersexuality, placidity, oral tendencies, and psychic blindness. This condition is known as _____ syndrome.
A
Kluver-Bucy
The symptoms described in this question are characteristic of Kluver-Bucy syndrome, due to lesions affecting the hippocampus and amygdala.
14
Q
Damage to _________ produces expressive aphasia.
A
Broca’s area is the major motor speech area located in the frontal lobe of the brain. Damage to Broca’s area causes expressive (Broca’s) aphasia which is characterized by difficulties in producing spoken and written language.
15
Q
: In which functions is the hippocampus involved?
A
Verbal processing, visual processing, spatial processing, and memory
16
Q
What structures are contained within the hindbrain?
A
Pons
Medulla oblongata
Cerebellum
17
Q
__________ involves right-left confusion, agraphia, and acalculia.
A
Gerstmann’s syndrome occurs with damage to the left parietal lobe. Gerstmann’s syndrome is characterized by finger agnosia, right-left confusion, agraphia (an inability to write), and acalculia (an inability to preform simple mathematical calculations).
18
Q
Which of the following brain structures plays a role in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and schizophrenia and is a neuronal pathway that connects the limbic system and prefrontal lobes?
A
reticular activating system ( RAS )
19
Q
Which structures are included in the basal ganglia?
A
Caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra
20
Q
The body’s circadian rhythms are controlled by the:
A
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is part of the hypothalamus and acts as the body’s “biological clock” and is responsible for many of the body’s circadian rhythms.
21
Q
Following a head injury, a woman exhibits dressing apraxia, tactile agnosia, and doesn’t comb the hair on the left side of her head. Which area of her brain has most likely been damaged?
A
Tactile agnosia, contralateral neglect, and some types of apraxia are caused by damage to certain areas of the PARIETAL LOBE.
22
Q
What structures make up the limbic system?
A
amygdala
hippocampus
cingulate cortex
23
Q
What structures make up the midbrain?
A
superior/ inferior colliculi
substantia nigra
reticular formation RAS
24
Q
What structures make up the forebrain in the subcortical structures?
A
thalamus
hypothalamus
basal ganglia
amygdala
hippocampus
25
what structures make up the forebrain in the cerebral cortex?
frontal lobes
parietal lobes
temporal lobes
occipital lobes
26
The development of the human brain involves 5 main stages?
-profileration (2.5 weeks old embryo): new cels are produced inside the neural tube
-migration (8 weeks): immature neurons migrate to their final destination in the brain. Begin to aggregate with other cells to form the structures of the brain
-differentiation: neurons begin to develop axons and dendrites
-myelination: axons of some neurons myelinate. much myelination occurs postnatally
-synaptogenesis: formation of synapses (mostly after birth)
27
what makes up the peripheral nervous system?
-somatic nervous system
-autonomic nervous system
*parasympathetic nervous system
*sympathetic nervous system
28
What are the groups that make up the spinal cord?
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral
coccygeal
29
describe an action potential
Na channels open
+ charged Na ions enter = depolarization
(interior of cell becomes less - )
Na channels close
K channels open
+ K ions leave = repolarization
30
the action potential operates on the ______ principle. define it
all or none
whenever the stimulation received by a neuron exceeds a given threshold, the resulting action potential will always be the same intensity
31
_____ involves the release of a neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft (which is a small gap between the axon terminal of the presynaptic cell and the receptor on the dendrite of the post synaptic cell)
synaptic transmission
32
_____ is an inhibitory neurotransmitter and plays a role in eating, seizure, anxiety disorders, motor control, vision, and sleep
GABA
33
degeneration of cells that secrete _____ in the _____ contributes to the motor symptoms of Huntington's disease
GABA
Basal ganglia
-putamen
-caudate nucleus
(the two are known as the Striatum and the two most affected by H disease)
-substantia nigra
34
____ syndrome is due to a thiamine deficiency that causes atrophy of neurons in certain areas of the thalamus and the mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus and is usually the result of chronic alcoholism.
Wernicke-Korsakoff
35
the ___ are important for planing, organizing, and coordinating voluntary movements. these structures are aso involved in several disorders with prominent motor symptoms including ______, _____, _____ and ADHD.
basal ganglia
hUNTINGTON'S
Parkinson's
Tourettes
36
tHE AMYGDALA ATTACHES EMOTION TO
MEMORY
37
damage to the amygdala and temporal lobes can produce _____ syndrome, which is characterized by reduced fear and aggression, psychic blindness, and hypersexuality.
Kluver-Bucy
38
An inherited form of complete color blindness caused by a lack of functioning in the cone cells is known as ___________.
congenital achromatopsia
39
Which theory best describes sensation as an exponential function of stimulus intensity?
steven's law
40
According to ________, the more intense a stimulus, the greater the need for an increase in stimulus intensity to produce a noticeable difference.
Weber's Law
41
_________ determines the relationship between the magnitude of a stimulus and the magnitude of the associated sensation.
Fechner's Law
42
Retinal disparity helps to explain:
The use of both eyes to perceive depth or distance
43
The ___________ are (is) essential for the encoding, storage, and retrieval of long-term declarative memories, with the right and left lobes serving somewhat different functions.
temporal lobes
The temporal lobes are essential for the encoding, storage, and retrieval of long-term declarative memories, with the right and left lobes serving somewhat different functions.
44
The ____, _____, and _____ play a role in procedural memory (e.g., memory for sensorimotor skills) and implicit (unconscious, nonintentional) memory.
Basal ganglia, cerebellum, and motor cortex
45
Wernicke's area and Broca's area are connected by the ________, and damage to this structure can produce _______ aphasia. This disorder does not significantly affect language comprehension but does result in anomia, paraphasia, and impaired repetition.
arcuate fasciculus
conduction
46
Individuals with this form of aphasia may be able to say a few words and produce automatic speech (especially emotional exclamations)?
global
47
_________ is caused by damage to _____ area. Individuals have trouble understanding written and spoken language and generating meaningful language.
Wernicke's aphasia (also known as receptive, impressive, sensory, and fluent aphasia)
48
Individuals with ________ are able to talk but have nothing to say and are unable to understand written and spoken language. They can, however, produce automatic responses (such as singing familiar songs) and repeat words, phrases, or sentences spoken by others.
mixed transcortical aphasia
49
Tactile agnosia, contralateral neglect, and some types of apraxia are caused by damage to certain areas of the _____.
parietal lobe
50
Damage to the _______ can cause disturbance of auditory sensation and perception, impaired ability to comprehend language, and impaired memory.
temporal lobe
51
Damage to the ______ leads to vision impairments including blindness, blind spots, visual distortions and visual inattention.
occipital lobe
52
Which theory of emotion proposes that emotional and bodily reactions to stimuli occur simultaneously as a result of thalamic stimulation of the cortex and the peripheral nervous system?
Cannon-bard
53
_____ theory stresses the importance of peripheral factors and proposes that emotions represent perceptions of bodily reactions to sensory stimuli.
James Lange
54
______ theory proposes that emotions are universal but that there are differences in how emotion-arousing events are interpreted or appraised.
Cognitive Appraisal
55
Schachter and Singer’s two-factor theory (1962) describes subjective emotional experience as the consequence of a combination of _____________ and cognitive interpretation of that arousal and the environmental context in which it occurs.
physiological arousal
56
Selye's General adaptation syndrome involves three stages known as ____, ____, and ____.
alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion.
57
A number of studies have confirmed that, of the Type A characteristics, ____ or ______ is most strongly associated with health problems, especially coronary heart disease in males (e.g., Ewart and Kolodner, 1994).
cynical or antagonistic hostility
58
Language is controlled by the ____ hemisphere
left
59
electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus would most likely produce:
anger and aggression
60
lesions to the lateral hypothalamus would most likely produce
placidity
61
Hans Selye (1956) proposed that during the resistance stage of the general adaptation syndrome, ____ is released by the ____.
cortisol; adrenal cortex
62
Hans Selye (1956) proposed that during the alarm reaction stage of the general adaptation syndrome, ____ is released by the ____.
epinephrine; adrenal medulla (activating by the hypothalamus)
63
Hans Selye (1956) proposed that during the exhaustion stage of the general adaptation syndrome, ____ and ____ lose their ability to maintain elevated hormone levels due to _____
pituitary gland and adrenal cortex
prolonged stress
64
The ___ is involved in memory consolidation and explicit memory
hippocampus
65
The _____ plays a role in episodic memory, prospective memory, and working memory.
prefrontal cortex
66
The ____, cerebellum, and motor cortex contribute to procedural and implicit memory
basal ganglia
67
At the neural level, ____ in the hippocampus is believed to be important for longer-term memory.
long-term potentiation
68
There is evidence that long term memory depends on increased _____ during the minutes or hours following training.
protein synthesis
69
When the synthesis of protein or _____ is inhibited at the time of training, long term memory is impaired
RNA
70
People with Broca's aphasia usually experience what?
speak slowly and with great difficulty, poor articulation, intact comprehension (they are aware of their issue). They tend to have depression and anxiety.
71
____ aphasia is caused by lesions that isolate Broca's area and/or Wernicke's area from other regions of the brain.
Transcortical
72
This age range is most likely to experience the least amount of REM sleep.
older adults
73
Newborns and infants typically spend about twice as much time in _____ sleep as adults.
REM
74
The development of secondary sex characteristics occurs when the _____ secretes chemicals that stimulate the pituitary gland which, in turn, releases the gonadotropic hormones.
hypothalamus
75
According to ___ theory, emotions reflect perceptions of bodily reactions ("I'm scared because my knees are shaking.")
James Lange
76
the _____ was proposed in 1937 as a neural circuit that mediates the experience and expression of emotion.
Papez's circuit
77
The ____ hemisphere governs positive emotions and damage to this area results in ______
left (dominant)
catastrophic reactions (severe depression, paranoia, anxiety, aggression)
78
The _____ hemisphere mediates negative emotions, and lesions produce _____, emotional lability, and/or undue cheerfulness.
right
indifference and apathy
78
Electrical stimulation of the amygdala can produce a ______ and/or rage respose
fear
78
damage to the hypothalamus can result in rage or
uncontrollable laughter
78
which sleep wave is characterized by deep relaxation and light sleep?
theta waves
79
What are the sleep waves and their functions?
Beta: being alert, a fully awake state
Alpha: awake, rested, relaxed state
Theta: deep relaxation and light sleep
Delta: deep sleep.
80
Although hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is effective for eliminating ____, ____, and ____ and reduces the risk for bone loss, there is no clear evidence that it improves _____.
hot flashes, mood swings, and vaginal dryness
sex drive
81
Research using brain imaging techniques has confirmed that the brain is sexually ____- i.e., that there are sex-related differences in several brain structures including the corpus callosum, hippocampus, and SCN.
dimorphic
82
The emergence of secondary sex characteristics in puberty is a process that is mediated by the _____ axis.
hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal
83
As one ascends the ____, the sex hormones become increasingly less important as determinants of adult sexual behavior.
phylogenetic scale
84
Sleep is divided into 5 stages. During stage 1, ____ waves are replaced by ___ waves, and in stage 2, ___ waves predominate but are interrupted by bursts of ______. Stages 3 and 4 are characterized by large, slow ____ waves. The 5th stage is marked by the presence of _____.
alpha
theta
sleep spindles
delta
rapid eye movements
85
Because sleepers are both in a deep sleep and physiologically active in stage 5 of sleep, this stage is also referred to as active or ____ sleep.
paradoxical
86
Sleepers typically pass through all five stages every _____ minutes.
90-100
87
In newborns, REM sleep precedes NREM sleep and takes up ____% of the total sleep time.
In adults, it accounts for only about ___% of the sleep period.
50
20
88
Sleep deprivation is not consistently linked with any specific abnormalities, but REM sleep deprivation is usually followed by a REM _____
rebound
89
Normally damage to the subthalamus causes involuntary jerking and twitching movements. However, in individuals with __________, damage to this region brings motor activity back to normal.
Parkinson's disease
Lesioning or stimulating the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson's disease alleviates many of the movement symptoms associated with Parkinson's disease.
90
_______ is a disease of the parts of the nervous system that control voluntary muscle movement. In this, motor neurons are gradually lost, the muscles they control become weak and then nonfunctional, thus leading to muscle weakness, disability, and eventually death
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
91
______ is a rare, inherited disease that causes the progressive breakdown of nerve cells in the brain. It has a broad impact on a person's functional abilities and usually results in movement, thinking, and cognitive disorders.
Huntington's disease
92
For many patients with mild traumatic brain injury, the greatest amount of recovery occurs during the first ______ following the injury.
3 months
93
What type of seizure affects movement and sensation on one side of the body without a loss of consciousness?
simple partial
94
_______ seizures involve the body stiffening following by a stage of rhythmic shaking of the limbs and resolves with confusion or amnesia about the event.
Tonic-clonic (grand mal)
95
______ is caused by hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone and produces excessive urination.
Diabetes insipidus
96
______ is caused by excessive insulin which produces low blood glucose leading to hunger, dizziness, blurred vision, anxiety, and depression.
Hypoglycemia
97
A 36-year-old man presents with symptoms of apathy, muscle problems, fidgeting, and forgetfulness. These symptoms seem to progress in intensity and frequency as time goes on. He is most likely suffering from which disease?
Huntington's disease
Huntington's disease is a rare, genetic disease that causes the progressive breakdown of nerve cells in the brain. It results in disordered movement, thinking, and cognition.
98
a stroke involving the left middle cerebral artery is most likely to cause what?
right sided hemiplegia, right sided sensory loss, and aphasia
middle cerebral artery provides blood to the language areas of the brain
99
A stroke involving the ____ artery would result in contralateral hemiplegia and hemianesthesia, contralateral homonymous hemianopia, dysarthia, aphasia (dominant hemisphere affected), apraxia, and sensory neglect (non-dom hemisphere affected).
middle cerebral artery
100
A stroke involving the ____ artery would result in contralateral homonymous hemianopia, memory loss, unilateral cortical blindness, visual agnosia
Posterior Cerebral Artery
101
A stroke involving the ____ artery would result in contralateral hemiplegia, gait apraxia, apathy, depression, confusion, impaired judgement, and insight, bowel and bladder incontinence, mutism
Anterior cerebral artery
102
a _____ usually causes an alteration in consciousness and some degree of anterograde and retrograde amnesia
closed-head injury
103
______ amnesia is referred to as post traumatic amnesia and is a....
anterograde
good predictor of recovery
104
with a TBI, when retrograde amnesia occurs, memories from _____ return first
the more distant past
105
Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke):
symptoms
causes
consequences
refers to brain damage caused by an interruption of the blood supply to
the brain
* major risk factors are hypertension and atherosclerosis
* consequences depend on the part of the brain affected
106
With Parkinson's, up to ____% of patients experience symptoms of depression at some time during their illness
50
107
has been linked to a degeneration of neurons that secrete dopamine in the substantia nigra
L-dopa (a ____) helps alleviate the symptoms in the early stages by increasing dopamine levels in the brain
Parkinson's disease
dopamine agonist (facilitates the effects of dopamine
108
Huntington is transmitted by
a single dominant autosomal gene
109
____ involve abnormal electrical activity in both hemispheres of the cerebral cortex
2 kinds:
generalized seizures
tonic-clonic (grand mal) & absence (petit mal)
110
_____ seizures do not involve a loss of consciousness, while _____ seizures involve an alteration in consciousness
simple partial
complex partial
111
___ lobe seizures include hallucinations, a sudden alteration in emotion, a sense of déjà vu, and automatisms
temporal lobe
112
____ is known as "cruel restlessness" in Parkinson's
akathisia
113
____ is a reduction or absence of spontaneous movement
akinesia
114
_____ seizures involve stiffening of the body followed by rhythmic shaking of the limbs
tonic-clonic (grand mal)
115
MS is a progressive muscle disease of the nervous system that involves degeneration of the ____ that surrounds nerve fibers in the brain and spinal chord.
myelin
116
MS includes initial symptoms of
optic neuritis, fatigue, motor impairments, and sensory abnormalities
117
Apraxia is
the loss of ability to execute or carry out skilled movement and gestures, despite having the physical ability and desire to perform them.
118
_____ is where you have difficulty speaking because the muscles you use for speech are weak.
Dysarthria
119
____ headaches are characterized by nonthrobbing pain on both sides of the head.
tension
120
a ____ migraine does not have an aura and may be signaled by gastrointenstinal issues
common
121
Hyposecretion of ADH by the pituitary results in _____
diabetes insipidus
122
The pancreas releases insulin, too much of this hormone results in _____, which is characterized by hunger, dizziness, headaches, depression and confusion. Too little insulin can produce ____
hypoglycemia
diabetes mellitus
123
research can use a _____, which emphasizes the total effect of genetic and environmental variables on traits
quantitative genetic methods
124
research can use a ____, which identifies specific genes responsible for influencing various behavioral traits
molecular genetic methods
125
Level of severity of a TBI is often determined by considering the person's initial score on the
Glasgow Coma Scale
126
common side effects of lithium include .
fine hand tremor, gastrointestinal symptoms, shakiness, fatigue, restlessness, polyuria, and polydipsia
127
An important advantage of the SSRIs is that they are less______ than the tricyclics.
cardiotoxic
128
A disadvantage of Clozapine and other atypical antipsychotics is that they have a ______ than the traditional antipsychotics.
slower onset of effects
129
_______ side effects are common for atypical antipsychotics.
Anticholinergic
130
_______ is one of the neurotransmitters classified as "cholinergic."
Acetylcholine (ACh)
131
Drugs that block the activity of _______ produce dry mouth, blurred vision, postural hypotension, urinary retention, and tachycardia.
Acetylcholine (ACh)
132
Therapeutic drug monitoring operates on the assumption that there is...
a connection between the concentration of a drug in a patient's bloodstream and the therapeutic effects that patient experiences
133
Therapeutic drug monitoring relies on measuring specific drugs to maintain a concentration in the patient's bloodstream for what purpose?
Optimize dosage regimen
134
produce effects similar to those produced by an endogenous neurotransmitter
agonists
135
___ mimic the effects of a neurotransmitter, while _____ facilitate the action of a neurotransmitter
direct agonists
indirect agonists
136
___ produce an effect opposite to the effect produced by a neurotransmitter or agonist
inverse agonists
137
_____ produce no activity on their own but reduce or block the effects of a neurotransmitter or agonist
antagonists
138
_____ attach to a neurotransmitter’s receptor site, while _____ interfere with the action of a neurotransmitter
direct antagonists
indirect antagonists
139
Name the conventional (1st generation, typical) (neuroleptics) antipsychotics
chlorpromazine (Thorazine)
fluphenazine Prolixin)
haloperidol (Haldol)
thiothixene (Narvane)
140
Name the atypical antipsychotics
clozapine (Clozaril)
resperidone (Risperidol)
olanzapine (Zyprexa)
quetiapine (Seroquel)
141
Name the TCAs
Amitriptyline (Elavil, Endep)
Doxepin (Sinequan, Adapin)
Imipramine (Trofranil)
Clomipramine (Anafril)
Nortriptyline (Pamelor)
142
Name the MAOIs
Isocarboxazid (Marplan)
Phenelzine (Nardil)
Tranylcypromine (Parnate)
143
Name the Anxiolytics (Benzodiazepines)
diazepam (calium)
Alprazolam (Xanax)
Oxazepam (Serax)
Triazolam (Halcion)
Chlordiazepoxide (Librium)
Lorazepam (Ativan)
Clonazepam (Klonopin)
144
some ______ (including ______) may produce agranulocytosis
atypical antipsychotics
clozapine
145
_____ is a condition in which the absolute neutrophil count (ANC) is less than 100 neutrophils per microlitre of blood. People with this condition are at a very high risk of severe infection.
Agranulocytosis
146
block the reuptake of norepinephrine as well as serotonin and/or dopamine at nerve synapses
TCAs
147
* used to treat “typical” depression, OCD, Panic Disorder, enuresis, and
neuropathic pain
* side effects include anticholinergic symptoms, drowsiness, tremor,
memory problems, and sexual dysfunction
* are cardiotoxic and can be fatal in overdose
TCAs
148
used to treat depression, OCD, PTSD, Bulimia, Panic Disorder, and
premature ejaculation
SSRIs
149
* block the action of enzymes that break down norepinephrine and
serotonin
* are most effective for “atypical” depression
* side effects include anticholinergic symptoms, insomnia, headaches,
confusion, tremor, and sexual dysfunction
* when taken in conjunction with certain drugs or foods containing
tyramine, can cause a hypertensive crisis
MAOIs
150
* useful for atypical forms of Bipolar Disorder and when lithium has not
been effective
Carbamazipine
151
What are the side effects and major risks of Carbamazapine
* side effects include dizziness, tremor, ataxia, nausea, and visual
disturbances
* because of the risk for agranulocytosis and aplastic anemia, regular blood
monitoring is required
152
* _____ is a potentially serious withdrawal effect of benzos
rebound excitation
153
Major side effects and risks of beta blockers
bradycardia, nausea, diarrhea, and numbness or tingling in the toes and fingers
* overdose can result in toxicity which produces breathing difficulties,
irregular heartbeat blurred vision confusion or coma irregular heartbeat, blurred vision, confusion, and convulsions
* abrupt cessation can cause heart palpitations, headache, tremulousness,
and cardiac arrhythmia
154
inhibits alcohol metabolism which increases the accumulation of
acetaldehyde and produces unpleasant effects that deter drinking
Disulfiram (Antabuse)
155
* blocks the craving for alcohol and its reinforcing effects
* side effects include nausea vomiting headache dizziness side effects include nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, nervousness, insomnia, and joint and muscle pain
Naltrexone (ReVia)
156
How do conventional antipsychotics work?
by blocking dopamine receptors
157
Name the SSRIs
Fluoxetine (Prozac)
Sertraline (Zoloft)
Paroxetine (Paxil)
Fluvoxamine (Faverin, Luvox)
157
affect several neurotransmitters including dopamine, serotonin,
norepinephrine, and glutamate
atypical antipsychotics
157
______ side effects include parkinsonism, akathisia, dystonia, and tardive dyskinesia
extrapyramidal
157
Name the SNRIs
Venlafaxine (Effexor)
157
_______ involves muscle rigidity,
tachycardia, high fever, an altered state of consciousness, and severe diarrhea
neuroleptic malignant syndrome
157
157
are less likely to produce extrapyramidal side including tardive dyskinesia
atypical antipsychotics
158
what are the mood stabilizing drugs?
Lithium
Carbamazapine
valporic acid (Depakote)
158
Name the NDRIs
Buproprion (Wellbutrin)
159
Which area of the brain keeps track of the position of the body relative to the world?
posterior parietal cortex
160
____ involves a loss of balance and coordination that is caused by damage to the cerebellum, dorsal spinal cord, or vestibular system.
Ataxia
161
The ____ is the primary endocrine organ that secretes hormones, such as melatonin, and controls the circadian rhythms.
pineal gland
162
What term is defined as "the study of the relationship between physical stimulus magnitudes and their corresponding psychological sensations"?
psychophysics
163
The drug Ritalin inhibits the reuptake of which neurotransmitter?
dopamine
164
_______ is specialized for the control of fine movements, such as moving one finger at a time.
precentral gyrus
165
_____ are also known as ______. It is a type of ligand or drug that avoids or dampens a biological reaction. When binding to the receptor, it does not activate it, rather, it tends to block the particular receptor.
Receptor blockers
direct agonists
166
Which structures are included in Papez's circuit?
hippocampus, mammillary bodies, anterior nuclei of the thalamus, and the cingulate gyrus.
167
Temporal lobe damage causes which of the following?
receptive aphasia (difficulty understanding spoken language), difficulty learning and retaining new information, in addition to disturbances in selective attention.
168
The _______ controls the flow of information between the spinal cord and the brain.
medulla
The medulla is a structure in the hindbrain that controls the flow of information between the spinal cord and the brain. It also regulates a number of vital functions including heartbeat, breathing, and blood pressure.
169
Which of the following disease is characterized by uncontrollable jerking movements, writhing movements, and dementia?
Huntington's disease
170
Which of the following describes a drug that opposes or inhibits the effects of a particular neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic cell?
antagonist
171
Which of the following is directed toward the central nervous system, conveying sensory information?
afferent axon
Afferent axons are incoming axons that bring sensory information towards the central nervous system.
172
The ____is the spinal root that contains incoming sensory fibers.
dorsal root
173
_____ are axons that are directed away from the central nervous system, conveying motor commands to muscles and glands.
Efferent axons
174
The _____ is the spinal root that contains outgoing motor fibers.
ventral root
175
Damage to the reticular activating system is most likely to cause which of the following?
disruptions in the sleep wake cycle and can produce a permanent, coma-like state.
176
Compared to White individuals, ____________ are more sensitive to side effects of neuroleptics, benzodiazepines, lithium, and some antidepressants.
Asians and African-Americans
177
The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is most responsible for:
muscle contraction
178
Which limbic brain structure is important for spatial and explicit memory and the consolidation of declarative memories?
hippocampus
179
A process where messages within a neuron are transmitted from a neuron's dendrites to the end of its axon is called:
conduction
180
Which of these drugs is not a benzodiazepine?
Select one:
A.
Valium
B.
Lorazepam
C.
Nardil
D.
Ativan
c. Nardil is an MAOI (Phenelzine)
181
Migraines are precipitated or aggravated by many factors including
menstruation, stress, relaxation after stress, changes in barometric pressure, alcohol, decongestant overuse, and certain foods.
182
Which of the following is relevant in hypoglycemia and diabetes?
Select one:
A.
thyroxine
B.
glucose
C.
ADH
D.
ACh
B.
glucose
183
Which of the following is not an anticholinergic effect?
Select one:
A.
blurred vision
B.
constipation
C.
increased urinary frequency
D.
confusion
C.
increased urinary frequency
184
What is defined as the examination of chromosomes and their abnormalities?
cytogenetic testing
185
_____ (along with PTSD and OCD) is associated with low levels of serotonin.
bulimia
186
If a split-brain patient is shown a picture of apple pie to their right visual field, what is the patient capable of doing?
verbally name "apple pie" and point to it with their right hand
187
How does naltrexone treat alcohol use disorder?
blocks cravings and blocks reinforcing effects
Naltrexone is an opioid receptor antagonist. It blocks the craving for alcohol and blocks the reinforcing effects of alcohol.
188
he Glasgow Coma Scale is used to assess to the level of consciousness in individuals with a brain injury. A numbered score is given in three categories:
The total score ranges from ___ (worst possible score) to ____ (highest possible score) and is the sum of the response in each category.
eye opening, verbal utterances, and motor responses.
3;15
189
This theory states that the eye has unique color receptors for each primary color.
trichromatic theory
190
80 to 85% of individuals diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS) are categorized with this subtype.
relapsing-remitting type
191
The _____________ states that once an action potential is triggered in an axon, it is propagated, without decrement, to the end of the fiber.
all or none law
192
This neurotransmitter is implicated in eating, seizures, anxiety disorders, motor control, vision, and sleep.
GABA
193
Which general hormone is most effective in helping to restore sexual arousal for women following removal of their sex organs and/or after menopause?
androgen
194
____ are the central nodes of neural circuits, enabling communication between sensory and/or motor neurons within the central nervous system (CNS). They play vital roles in reflexes, neuronal oscillations, and neurogenesis.
INTERNEURONS
195
Abrupt cessation of _____________ can produce nightmares and an REM rebound.
barbiturates
196
Red-green colorblindness affects ______________.
8%-10% of males
197
Procedural memory is processed by which area of the brain?
The cerebellum plays a role in the learning of procedural memory and motor learning.
198
Which structure secretes antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and somatropin (growth) hormone?
PITUITAY GLAND
199
_____ plays a role in learning, memory, and long-term potentiation (LTP) which forms long term memories.
Glutamate
200
____ plays a role in mood, attention, dreaming, learning, and some autonomic functions.
Norepinephrine
201
Which of the following structures is associated with Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, Tourette's disorder, OCD, and ADHD?
BASAL GANGLIA
202
Damage at the _________ level results in paraplegia.
THORACIC
203
Question ID #14162: What is associated with deprivation of REM sleep?
inability to retain newly learned information
204
Which aphasia is characterized by the ability to talk but having nothing to say, inability to understand written and spoken language, but do have the ability to produce automatic responses (e.g. singing familiar songs, repeating phrases, etc.)?
mixed transcortical aphasia
205
The _____theory places emphasis on the brain mechanisms that mediate emotion. It suggests that emotional and bodily reactions to stimuli occur simultaneously.
Cannon-Bard
206
The _____ of emotion describes subjective emotional experience as a result of the combination of physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation of that arousal as well as the environment in which it occurs.
two-factor theory
207
The _____ is called the somatomotor cortex because it controls volitional movements of the contralateral side of the body.
Precentral gyrus
208
Broca's area is in the _____ and Wernicke's area in the _____
Prefrontal cortex
Temporal lobe
