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Jenny's EPPP > Cognitive and Memory > Flashcards

Cognitive and Memory Flashcards

1
Q

From the perspective of the reformulated version of the learned helplessness model, depression results when a person attributes negative events to:

A

internal, stable, and global factors

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2
Q

Bandura’s notion of reciprocal determinism is useful for explaining:

A

how the individual and his/her environment influence each other

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3
Q

Kohler’s (1925) research with chimpanzees led to his description of which of the following?

A

insight learning

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4
Q

Tolman used the notion of “cognitive maps” as support for which of the following?

A

Latent learning

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5
Q

From the perspective of the reformulated version of the learned helplessness model, depression results when a person attributes negative events to:

A

internal, stable, and global factors

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6
Q

Bandura’s research on the effects of modeling for treating snake phobia found that which of the following was the most effective strategy?

A

participant modeling

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7
Q

Latent learning

A

Tolman suggested that learning can occur without reinforcement and without being manifested in performance improvement.

“cognitive maps” with rats

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8
Q

Insight learning

A

Kohler was influenced by the Gestalt model. Insight learning reflects an internal cognitive restructuring of the perceptual field (environment) that enhances the organism’s ability to achieve its goals.

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9
Q

Observational learning

A

Bandura’s theory. Also known as “social learning theory” and proposes that most complex human behaviors are learned by observing another person perform those behaviors and that observational learning is useful not only for teaching new behaviors but also for enhancing or inhibiting existing ones.

“Bobo” doll experiment.

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10
Q

What are the four processes of Bandura’s observational learning?

A

Attentional processes
Retention processes
Production processes
Motivational processes

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11
Q

With observational learning, when is an observer more likely to to imitate a model?

A

when the model is…
1-high in status, expertise, or prestige
2-similar to observer
3-behaving in a visible, salient and relevant way
4-reinforced for engaging in the behavior (i.e. vicarious reinforcement)

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12
Q

With participant modeling, ___ models are more effective than ___ models for treating phobias.

A

coping > mastery

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13
Q

modeling is most effective when it is combined with _____

A

guided participation

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14
Q

Reciprocal determinism

A

important part of Bandura’s theory

predicts that there is a reciprocal (interactive ad influential) relationship between a person’s environment, overt behaviors, cognitive affective and other characteristics

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15
Q

The revised version of the learned helplessness model describes depression as the result of ____ attributions about negative events. More recently, the model was revised to incorporate the impact of a sense of _____.

A

internal, stable, and global

hopelessness

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16
Q

Rehm’s self-control therapy focuses on which of the following?

A

Self-monitoring, self-evaluation, and self-reinforcement

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17
Q

The notion of “collaborative empiricism” is associated with:

A

Beck

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18
Q

Albert Ellis’s Rational Emotive Therapy (REBT)

A

Conceptualizes emotions and behaviors in terms of chains of events: A-B-C
A=External (activating) event
B=Belief the individual has about A
C=Emotion or behavior (consequence) that results from B.

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19
Q

what is the primary cause of neurosis according to Ellis?

A

the continual repetition of common irrational beliefs such as the belief that is necessary to be loved by everyone.

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20
Q

What is the primary goal of Beck’s Cognitive therapy?

A

help clients identify and alter dysfunctional and distorted assumptions

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21
Q

What are the kinds of cognitions CT practitioners target?

A

1-cognitive schemas
2-automatic thoughts
3-cognitive distortions
4-cognitive profile

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22
Q

A therapy client says, “I feel useless and incompetent and, therefore, I must be a worthless, incompetent person.” As described by Aaron Beck, this is an example of:

A

emotional reasoning

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23
Q

Cognitive preparation, skills acquisition, and application and follow-through are the three overlapping phases of which of the following strategies?

A

stress inoculation

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24
Q

According to Beck (1967, 1984), ideas or images that come without effort and that elicit an emotional reaction are:

A

automatic thoughts

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25
Q

Schemas

A

underlying cognitive structures an rules that consist of core beliefs and that determine how individuals codify, categorize, and interpret their experiences.

develop early in life as the result of a biological, developmental, and environmental factors. Can be functional or dysfunctional and can lay dormant until an activating event similar to it’s originating event occurs.

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26
Q

True or false: automatic thoughts are not necessarily associated with psychologcial dysfunction

A

TRUE they are not, but they can contribute to dysfunction when they’re the result of maladaptive schemas and are persistent and not not critically examined

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27
Q

Cognitive distortions

A

systematic errors or biases in information processing and are the link between maladaptive cognitive schemas and negative automatic thoughts.

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28
Q

Common cognitive distortions

A

arbitrary inference: drawing conclusions without corroborative evidence

overgeneralization: drawing general conclusions on the basis of a single event

selective abstraction: attending to detail while ignoring the total context

personalization: erroneously attributing external events to oneself

dichotomous thinking: thinking in polarized “either/or” ways

emotional reasoning: believing things are a certain way because one feels they are that way

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29
Q

According to Beck, each psychological disorder is characterized by a different _______

A

cognitive profile

30
Q

Cognitive profile for depression
Cognitive profile for anxiety

Beck

A

Depression:
cognitive triad: negative view of oneself, the world, and the future

Anxiety:
an excessive form of normal survival mechanisms and consists of unrealistic
fears about physical and psychological threats

31
Q

Self-instructional Training (SIT)

A

Meichenbaum and Goodman (1971)

originally used to help hyperactive kids perform academic tasks better by teaching them to interpolate adaptive, self-controlling thoughts between a stimulus situation and their response to that situation. Incorporates the work of Vygotsky and Luria and Bandura. Involves 5 steps

1-cognitive modeling-watch listen and learn

2-cognitive participant modeling-listen to instruction while doing it yourself

3-overt self instruction-do it yourself and speak instructions aloud

4-fading overt instruction-do it yourself and whisper instructions

5-covert self instruction-do it yourself and say it in your mind

32
Q

Attribution retraining

A

helps clients attribute their failures to external, unstable, and specific factors.

33
Q

Stress inoculation

A

designed to help people deal with stressful events by increasing their coping skills.

Includes 3 stages:
1-cognitive preparation
2-skills acquisition and rehearsal
3-application and follow-through

34
Q

thermal biofeedback may be best for treating ______ and a combination of thermal feedback and autogenic training i the best treatment for _____

A

Raynaud’s disease

migrains

35
Q

____ is the translation of incoming stimuli into a code that can be processed by the brain.

A

encoding

36
Q

The information processing Model

A

Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968
Describes memory as consisting of 3 components:
1-sensory memory
2-Short term memory
3-Long term memory

37
Q

_____ memory stores a great deal of information, but retains for a very brief time.

A

Sensory

38
Q

Information is transferred to STM when it becomes the _____.

A

focus of attention

39
Q

The capacity of STM is limited and can be expanded by ____ related items of information.

A

chunking

40
Q

The aspect of STM known as _____ is responsible for the manipulation and processing of information.

A

working memory

41
Q

With _____, information is transferred from STM to LTM, especially when it is elaborative.

A

rehearsal

42
Q

The existence of separate stores is supported by by studies on the ____ effect.

A

serial position

Glanzer and Cunitz

43
Q

According to the Levels-of-processing model, the _____ level represents the deepest level of processing and produces the greatest amount of recall.

A

semantic

44
Q

Craik and Lockhart’s (1972) levels-of-processing model implies that:

A

elaborative rehearsal > maintenance rehearsal

45
Q

Long term memory is conceptualized as consisting of ____ and _____ components of memory.

A

procedural and declarative

46
Q

procedural memory

declarative memory

A

procedural memory:
related to LTM
stores info about how to DO things (“learning how”)
used to acquire, retain, and employ perceptual cognitive and motor skills and habits.

declarative memory:
related to LTM
mediates the acquisition of facts and other info (learning that or what)
-subdivided into semantic and episodic memory

47
Q

semantic memory

A

a subdivision of declarative memory
memory for general knowledge that is independent of
any context

48
Q

episodic memory

A

a subdivision of declarative memory
autobiographical memory
-flashbulb memories: vivid detailed images of what one was doing at the time a dramatic event occurred.

49
Q

Prospective memory

A

remembering to remember

findings: YA were better than OAs in a lab setting with prospective memory. But in naturalistic settings, OAs did better probably due to the use of external cues (planners, etc).

50
Q

The ability to maintain attention in the presence of distractions accounts for

A

the difference between good and bad memory

51
Q

Procedural memory stores info on _____, while declarative memory mediates the acquisition of _____.

A

how to do things

facts and other info

52
Q

Miller (1956) proposed that the average capacity of short term memory is ____

A

between 5 and 9 seconds
(7 +/- 2)

53
Q

Encoding in LTM is largely _____

A

semantic

54
Q

true or false:

storage may not be permanent and capacity limited

A

false, it is permanent and unlimited

55
Q

Levels-of-Processing Model proposes that…

A

there’s a single memory system that consists of three levels of processing:

  • at the PHYSICAL level, information is processed in terms of what it LOOKS like
  • at the ACOUSTIC level, information is processed in terms of what it SOUNDS
    like
  • at the SEMANTIC level, information is processed in terms of its MEANING
    *the semantic level is the
    deepest level of processing
56
Q

Trace Decay Theory:

A
  • proposes that memory traces fade over time if they proposes that memory traces fade over time if they re’ not used
  • this theory is not well-supported by the research
  • contrary to the predictions of trace decay theory, participants in the sleep
    condition remembered more words in a word list than did those in the distraction condition
57
Q

Treisman and Gelade’s research (1980) provided information about:

A

feature-integration theory

58
Q

Multi-Component Model of Working Memory (Badeley, 2000)

A

Baddeley, 2000

working memory consists of a central executive and three subsystems:
1)phonological loop: temporarily stores audio-verbal info

2) visuo-spatial sketchpad: stores visual-spatial info

3) episodic buffer-integrates auditory, visual and spatial info

findings: forward digit span was not affected by aging (uses phonological loop), backward digit span was affected by aging (uses phonological loop and central executive)

59
Q

As conceptualized in Baddeley and Hitch’s (1974) multi-component model of working memory, the ________ is responsible for directing attention to relevant sensory information.

A

central executive

60
Q

________ theory, was the first of the “bottle neck” theories of attention. Explains how sensory memory is transferred to STM

A

Broadbent’s Filter Theory

61
Q

Original support for Boradbent’s filter theory was provided by his ______ in which participants were asked to listen to speech sounds presented to each ear simultaneously.

A

dichotic (split-span) listening task

62
Q

Treisman and Gelade’s Feature Integration Theory

A

initial processing of info consists of two stages:

1) pre-attentive stage: basic features of an object are perceived in parallel at an automatic, unconscious level

2) Attentive stage:
features are processed to form a coherent whole. binding of features depends on focal attention.

63
Q

Trace Decay Theory:

A

proposes that memory traces fade over time if they proposes that memory traces fade over time if they re’ not used not used
* this theory is NOT well-supported by the research
* contrary to the predictions of trace decay theory, participants in the sleep
condition remembered more words in a word list than did those in the
distraction condition

64
Q

Interference Theory:

A

Interference Theory:
* proposes that forgetting occurs when similar material interferes with proposes that forgetting occurs when similar material interferes with
the storage or retrieval process

proactive and retroactive interference

65
Q

proactive interference

A

part of interference theory
occurs when previously learned material interferes with the ability to recall similar, more recently learned material

66
Q

retroactive interference

A

part of interference theory
occurs when recently learned material interferes with the ability to recall previously learned material

67
Q

Elaborative vs. Maintenance Rehearsal:

A

the most effective memory strategy is the most effective memory strategy is elaborative rehearsal elaborative rehearsal, which
involves thinking about new information and relating it to information that’s
already stored in long-term memory
* maintenance rehearsal refers to simple rote repetition and is not very
effective

68
Q

the ________ is useful for memorizing a list of terms or items

A

method of loci

69
Q

the ________ is useful for remembering word pairs

A

keyword method

70
Q

an________ is a word that’s formed using the first letter of each item in the list

A

acronym

RAID for the symptoms of Acute stress disorder

71
Q

an_______ is a phrase or rhyme that’s constructed from the first letter of each word that’s to be memorized

A

acrostic

“See Piaget Creep Forward”
for Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development

72
Q

Verbal Mnemonics are useful for remembering

A

a list of words or phrases

Jenny's EPPP (8 decks)

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