Lifespan wrong questions Flashcards
According to Piaget, the ability to think abstractly is first evident at about ____ years of age.
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Abstract thinking occurs in the ________, in Piaget’s stage model of cognitive development. It emerges at around age ____.
formal operational stage
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As defined by Piaget, assimilation and accommodation are the two components of:
adaptation
what is “semiotic function?”
in which stage of Piaget’s cognitive developmental model does this occur?
the ability to make representations of symbols, objects, or words to stand for something, which occurs in the preoperational stage and extends from ages 2 to 7
Deferred imitation refers to
copying the past behavior of someone else
As defined by Piaget, the ability to engage in deferred imitation depends on the development of:
mental representation
According to Erikson, the purpose of play is to:
master social and emotional experiences
Ron attends a rally organized to oppose gun control. When asked why he is against gun control, Ron states, “Well, the law says people have the right to own a gun, and everybody in my hometown has a gun.” Kohlberg would say that Ron is at which level of moral development?
Conventional
Kohlberg distinguishes between three levels of moral development (preconventional, conventional, and postconventional) that each consist of two stages. The conventional level of moral development is characterized by support for and adherence to existing social rules and laws.
Question ID #11478: Children begin to intentionally lie (make false statements) at about ___ years of age in Piaget’s theory.
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Babies 8 to 12 months old actively seek a toy that is shown to them prior to being hidden from view. According to Piaget, this ability is due to the development of
object concept (i.e. object permanence)
To reduce aggressive behavior in a highly aggressive preschooler, the best approach is to:
help the child recognize the consequences of his/her behavior and identify alternative behaviors
There is evidence that fostering empathy (e.g., by helping the child recognize the consequences of his/her behavior for the target of the aggression) and helping the child identify alternative behaviors is useful, especially for younger children.
A key accomplishment of Piaget’s preoperational stage is the emergence of:
the symbolic function
which permits language use, symbolic play, and deferred imitation. This is characteristic of children ages 2 through 7.
According to Erikson, at age two, the primary psychosocial task is to develop ___________, and failure to successfully accomplish this task leads to ___________
a sense of autonomy; doubt and shame
Erikson’s autonomy vs. shame and doubt stage occurs from 1 to 3 years of age. Successful resolution of the conflicts of this stage results in a sense of self-control (autonomy), while failure leads to shame and doubt (you can find additional information in the Lifespan Development chapter of the written study materials).
A person in the sixth (final) stage of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development pursues moral judgments guided primarily by:
universally applicable ethical principles
Raymond is a high-energy four-year-old who is always asking questions and likes to help with everything. He is easily distracted and may start helping one family member, and then engage with someone else. Raymond also likes to pretend that he’s one of his favorite characters on TV and can often be seen trying to “arrest” his younger brother or save his friends from an imaginary “bad guy”. In terms of Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development, Raymond appears to be in which stage of development?
Initiative vs. guilt
The stage of initiative vs. guilt begins around age three. Raymond’s age and behaviors, including increasing locomotion, imagination, curiosity, and exploration suggest he is in this stage.
As defined by Piaget, a __________ circular reaction occurs when a baby explores the characteristics of familiar objects by deliberately using them in new ways.
tertiary
According to Piaget, much of the cognitive development that occurs during the sensorimotor stage is the result of circular reactions, in which the child repeats or reproduces a pleasurable or interesting experience. Tertiary circular reactions predominate from ages 12 to 18 months and involve varying an original or usual action on an object to see what happens.
Which pair correctly demonstrates the findings from Ainsworth’s study of the Strange Situation?
Select one:
A.
A disorganized infant and a moody inconsistent caregiver
B.
An autonomous infant and a responsive caregiver
C.
An anxious avoidant infant and an impatient and possibly over-stimulating caregiver
D.
An anxious insecure infant and a possibly aggressive caregiver
C.
An anxious avoidant infant and an impatient and possibly over-stimulating caregiver
Which of the following individuals coined the term “identity crisis”?
Erikson
Studies comparing children who are actively rejected or neglected by their peers have found that:
children who are rejected have worse outcomes
Klinefelter syndrome is due to:
Men with Klinefelter syndrome have an extra X chromosome.
: Which aspect of long-term memory is usually the first to be adversely affected by increasing age?
Episodic memory is memory for personally experienced events and is the first aspect of long-term memory that shows age-related declines.
Information processing theories of cognitive development focus on:
mental rules and strategies
Information processing theories conceptualize the human mind as a computer and focus on mental operations. In this view, cognitive development is due to changes in mental capacity and increasing sophistication in the use of relevant rules and strategies.
Children who attended Head Start programs show:
early IQ gains decline but improvements in academic achievement persist into adolescence
Adults who are classified as __________ on the Adult Attachment Interview describe their childhood relationships with parents using positive terms, but their specific childhood memories contradict or do not support these positive descriptions.
dismissing
The brain is only about 25% of its adult weight at birth. By about _______ months of age, it has reached 80% of its adult weight.
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Piaget’s theory of moral development (ages and descriptions)
based on research that involved having children respond to dilemmas related to violation of game rules
1- PREMORAL (prior to age 7), children exhibit little concern for rules
2- HETERONOMOUS (age 7 to 10), consider rules to be absolute and unchangeable
3- AUTONOMOUS (age 11), children recognize that rules can be changed by mutual agreement
Lesions to the right (non-dominant) hemisphere would most likely produce:
Indifference or euphoria
A split-brain patient is staring straight ahead when the word “head band” is flashed directly in front of her. The woman will most likely verbally report seeing which of the following?
Band
Split-brain patients are individuals whose corpus callosum has been severed as a treatment for epilepsy. Because her corpus callosum has been severed, the woman will only be able to verbally state what was directly perceived by her left hemisphere, which is what was in the right visual field (i.e. the word “band”).
Damage to what area of the brain may lead to uncontrollable laughter or intense rage and aggression?
hypothalamus
The hypothalamus is involved in regulating hunger, thirst, sex, sleep, body temperature, movement, and emotional reactions. It also maintains homeostasis through its influence on the autonomic nervous system, pituitary gland, and other endocrine glands. Damage to the hypothalamus can cause very intense emotional reactions.
Wernike’s aphasia involves:
Fluent output, impaired repetition, poor comprehension
The term “aphasia” refers to a loss of language functioning as the result of brain impairment. Damage to the temporal lobe may result in Wernicke’s aphasia. Fluent speech that is devoid of content, impaired repetition, and poor comprehension of written and spoken language are symptoms of Wernicke’s aphasia.
This part of the brain transmits sensory information to the appropriate areas of the cortex for all senses except olfaction.
thalamus
The thalamus is located in the subcortical region of the forebrain and acts as a “relay station” for sensory information.
Research conducted in the 1930s found that ablation of the anterior temporal lobes in male rhesus monkeys produced a variety of symptoms including hypersexuality, placidity, oral tendencies, and psychic blindness. This condition is known as _____ syndrome.
Kluver-Bucy
The symptoms described in this question are characteristic of Kluver-Bucy syndrome, due to lesions affecting the hippocampus and amygdala.
Damage to _________ produces expressive aphasia.
Broca’s area is the major motor speech area located in the frontal lobe of the brain. Damage to Broca’s area causes expressive (Broca’s) aphasia which is characterized by difficulties in producing spoken and written language.
A bundle of fibers that connects the right and left hemispheres
corpus callosum
: In which functions is the hippocampus involved?
Verbal processing, visual processing, spatial processing, and memory
What structures are contained within the hindbrain?
Pons
Medulla oblongata
Cerebellum
__________ involves right-left confusion, agraphia, and acalculia.
Gerstmann’s syndrome occurs with damage to the left parietal lobe. Gerstmann’s syndrome is characterized by finger agnosia, right-left confusion, agraphia (an inability to write), and acalculia (an inability to preform simple mathematical calculations).
__________ syndrome is characterized by finger agnosia, right-left confusion, agraphia (an inability to write), and acalculia (an inability to preform simple mathematical calculations).
Gerstmann’s
Which of the following brain structures plays a role in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and schizophrenia and is a neuronal pathway that connects the limbic system and prefrontal lobes?
reticular activating system ( RAS )
Which structures are included in the basal ganglia?
Caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra
The body’s circadian rhythms are controlled by the:
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is part of the hypothalamus and acts as the body’s “biological clock” and is responsible for many of the body’s circadian rhythms.
Following a head injury, a woman exhibits dressing apraxia, tactile agnosia, and doesn’t comb the hair on the left side of her head. Which area of her brain has most likely been damaged?
Tactile agnosia, contralateral neglect, and some types of apraxia are caused by damage to certain areas of the PARIETAL LOBE.
What structures make up the limbic system?
amygdala
hippocampus
cingulate cortex
What structures make up the midbrain?
superior/ inferior colliculi
substantia nigra
reticular formation RAS
What structures make up the forebrain in the subcortical structures?
thalamus
hypothalamus
basal ganglia
amygdala
hippocampus
what structures make up the forebrain in the cerebral cortex?
frontal lobes
parietal lobes
temporal lobes
occipital lobes
The development of the human brain involves 5 main stages?
-profileration (2.5 weeks old embryo): new cels are produced inside the neural tube
-migration (8 weeks): immature neurons migrate to their final destination in the brain. Begin to aggregate with other cells to form the structures of the brain
-differentiation: neurons begin to develop axons and dendrites
-myelination: axons of some neurons myelinate. much myelination occurs postnatally
-synaptogenesis: formation of synapses (mostly after birth)
what makes up the peripheral nervous system?
-somatic nervous system
-autonomic nervous system
*parasympathetic nervous system
*sympathetic nervous system
What are the groups that make up the spinal cord?
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral
coccygeal
describe an action potential
Na channels open
+ charged Na ions enter = depolarization
(interior of cell becomes less - )
Na channels close
K channels open
+ K ions leave = repolarization
the action potential operates on the ______ principle. define it
all or none
whenever the stimulation received by a neuron exceeds a given threshold, the resulting action potential will always be the same intensity
_____ involves the release of a neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft (which is a small gap between the axon terminal of the presynaptic cell and the receptor on the dendrite of the post synaptic cell)
synaptic transmission
_____ is an inhibitory neurotransmitter and plays a role in eating, seizure, anxiety disorders, motor control, vision, and sleep
GABA
degeneration of cells that secrete _____ in the _____ contributes to the motor symptoms of Huntington’s disease
GABA
basal ganglia
