Lifespan Development Flashcards
The offspring of women who consume alcohol during pregnancy are most likely to have serious structural abnormalities involving the brain, heart, eyes, limbs and external genitalia when the woman drinks alcohol during which trimester?
first
most traits are ____, which means they are influenced by multiple genes,.
polygenic
child who is homozygous
has inherited the gene from both parents
a child who is heterozygous
has inherited the gene from only one parent
When a trait is due to a recessive gene, a child must be ______, with regard to that gene in order to display that trait.
homozygous
____ refers to a person’s genetic inheritance
genotype
_____ refers to a person’s observed characteristic (which are due to a combination of heredity and environment)
phenotype
Heredity accounts for only ____ % of variability for many characteristics
50
Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological model
believed development involves interactions between the person and their environment
Ecological model: describes context in terms of 5 environmental systems:
1-microsystem: child’s immediate environment and relationships within the
home, school, etc
2- mesosytem: interactions between components of the microsystem;
EX: influence of family factors on the child’s behavior at school
3- exosystem: elements in the broader environment that affect the child’s
immediate environment (EX: parent’s workplace, school board, community
agencies, mass media)
4- macrosystem: overarching influences like cultural beliefs and practices,
economic conditions, political ideologies
5- chronosystem: environmental events that occur over a person’s lifespan
and impact them in ways that depend on their circumstances and and
developmental stage (EX: SES or immediate and long term effects of
change in family structure.
Rutter’s Indicators
accurate predictors of child psychopathology
1-severe marital discord
2- low SES
3- overcrowding/ large family size
4- parental criminality
5- maternal psychopathology
6- placement of the child outside the home
findings:
high risk children can be resilient and such negative effects are not irreversible if they receive fewer stressors following birth, had easy temperaments, and had support from a caregiver.
The contribution of heredity to an observed characteristic can be expressed in terms of heritability estimate, which indicates the extent to which phenotypes vary within groups as the result of differences in ______.
genotype
Research investigating the impact of early stress on development suggests that high-risk babies are less likely to have negative outcomes when babies experience fewer stressors following birth and have an easy temperament marked by a high degree of _______ and good communication skill.s
social responsivity
Research by Werner and Smith (1982)
Three types of genotype environment correlation have been proposed to explain how genetic and environmental factors combine to produce an individual’s attributes:
1_____
2_____
3_____
passive
evocative
active
Active genotype-environmental correlation is also known as ______ and occurs when kids seek out experiences that are consistent with their genetic predispositions,
niche-picking
In contrast to critical periods, _____ periods are more flexible and longer in duration.
sensitive
Birth defects are caused by many factors. PKU is due to the presence of a pair of ________.
recessive genes
Down Syndrome is caused by
an extra 21st chromosome
_____ Syndrome is caused by the presence of two or more X chromosomes along with a single Y chromosome.
Kleinfelter
_____ Syndrome is caused by a chromosomal deletion.
Prader-Willi
The critical period for teratogens varies from organ to organ, but, overall, exposure during the _____ stage is most likely to cause structural abnormalities.
embryonic
Alcohol consumption by a pregnant woman can cause _______, which encompasses a range of conditions that involves largely irreversible, physical, behavioral, and cognitive impairments.
fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)
Prenatal malnutrition is associated with a number of abnormalities, with severe ______ deficiency during the _____ trimester being especially detrimental for the developing brain.
protein
third
Prolonged _____ during the birth process can result in delayed motor and cognitive development, ID, and in severe cases, cerebral palsy.
anoxia
____ use in pregnant women increases the risk for spontaneous abortion and still birth, SIDS, low birthweight, an exaggerated startle response, and developmental delays.
cocaine
the most common symptoms of congenital CMV are some degree of _____, and impairments in ______.
intellectual disability
hearing and vision
Critical periods
are specific, predetermined periods of time during biological maturation when an organism is particularly sensitive to stimuli that can either have a positive or negative impact on development.
Sensitive periods
longer in duration that critical periods, and more flexible, and they are not tied as closely to chronological age or maturational stage.
Rutter (1985) studied the risk and protective factors that are associated with child psychopathology. His research found that which of the following places a child at greatest risk for behavioral problems?
Select one:
A. An accumulation of several risk factors
B.Maternal psychopathology
C.Severe neglect in early life
D.Exposure to discord and foster care placement
A. An accumulation of several risk factors
Rutter argued that the greater the number of risk factors a baby is exposed to, the greater the risk for negative outcomes. He concluded that the following six family risk factors are particularly accurate predictors of child psychopathology: severe marital discord, low socioeconomic status, overcrowding or large family size, parental criminality, maternal psychopathology, and the placement of a child outside the home.
The most common cause of cerebral palsy is:
brain injury early in life
Although it used to be accepted that oxygen deprivation at birth was the primary cause, it is now known that this is only one cause of the cases, and therefore the more general answer is best.
____________ during prenatal development is associated with miscarriage, stillbirth, and low birth weight and may result in suppression of the immune system, intellectual disability, and other serious problems.
Malnutrition
Malnutrition during prenatal development is associated with miscarriage, stillbirth, and low birth weight and may result in suppression of the immune system, intellectual disability, and other serious problems. Severe malnutrition in the third trimester (especially protein deficiency) is particularly detrimental for the developing brain and can lead to a reduced number of neurons, reduced myelination, and neurotransmitter abnormalities. A lack of folic acid during prenatal development can result in spina bifida or other neural tube defect.
A developmental psychologist investigating the influence of Bronfenbrenner’s mesosystem on child development will focus on:
Select one:
A.how children interact in social systems outside the home, such as a karate class
B.how blended families influence adjustment
C.the interaction of two or more systems in the child’s life
D.the influence of culture on development
C.the interaction of two or more systems in the child’s life
The mesosystem is a combination of two or more microsystems. For example, a student conference represents a mesosystem, as it is the interaction of the home and school microsystems.
During a “critical period:”
Select one:
A.there is a specific window of time in which a particular stage of development may occur.
B.certain conditions of development must be met.
C.certain biological or behavioral characteristics require appropriate exposure or stimulation in order to develop.
D.language development occurs through exposure and repetition.
C.certain biological or behavioral characteristics require appropriate exposure or stimulation in order to develop.
Correct
The symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS):
Select one:
A. can be alleviated by proper nutrition in the first few months following birth.
B. gradually improve during the first few years of life, although some behavioral symptoms may persist into adulthood.
C. that are behavioral become minimal by adolescence, but physical signs persist into adulthood.
D. are irreversible and persist into adulthood.
D. are irreversible and persist into adulthood.
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder is caused by prenatal exposure to alcohol and affects multiple areas of development. The severity of the symptoms of FASD depends on the degree of prenatal exposure to alcohol. However, regardless of their severity, most symptoms are irreversible.
Which of the following is useful for preventing the severe intellectual disability that can accompany phenylketonuria (PKU)?
Select one:
A. Diet management
B. Behavioral analysis and structured behavioral plan
C. Parental training to deal with the behavioral sequelae
D. Infusions to provide the missing enzymes for complete metabolism
A. Diet management
A low-protein diet is the main treatment for phenylketonuria (PKU). This is because people who have PKU lack an enzyme to properly process the amino acid phenylalanine, a part of protein. Phenylalanine is present in all protein foods and in some nonprotein foods, such as soda and artificial sweeteners. The neural and intellectual effects are the result of these metabolic issues.
Increasing age is accompanied by a number of changes in sensory and psychomotor functioning. As people age they:
experience an increase in reaction time
Most infants can be expected to take their first steps alone at about ____ months of age.
12
Results of the recent National Survey on Drug Use and Health found that adolescents are MOST likely to say they have used which of the following in the past month?
alcohol
The visual cues an infant uses to perceive depth arise in a predictable sequence. Which cue is the last to develop?
pictorial
At birth, the brain is only about ____% of its adult weight, following birth, by age 2, it reaches about ____% of its adult weight.
25
80
at birth, the _____ (part of the brain) is almost completely undeveloped and the _____ may not even be developed until early-mid 20s.
cerebral cortex
prefrontal cortex
the rapid growth of the brain from birth to 2 years old is due to an increase in the interconnections between neurons and the formation of ___ cells, which are responsible for the myelination of nerve fibers.
glial
The brain compensates for the atrophy of neurons in adulthood by forming new synaptic connections and creating new neurons in the ____ and possibly other areas of the brain. What is the name of this process?
hippocampus
neurogenesis
What are the 4 major reflexes of newborns?
Babinski: toes fan out and upward when soles of the feet are tickled
Rooting: turns head in the direction of touch applied to the cheek
Moro (startle): flings arms and legs outward and then toward the body in response to a loud noise or sudden loss of physical support
Stepping (walking): makes coordinated walking movement when held upright with feet touching flat surface
What are the optimal techniques used to study perception in newborns according to the child age:
1-4 months: high amplitude sucking
12 weeks +: reaching
5.5-12 months: head turning
broad age range: heart and respiration rate
dishabituation
occur when the infant’s responsivity increases following a stimulus
Of the senses, _____ is the least developed at birth
vision
Vision:
At birth, newborns see at _____ ft what normal adults see at about ______ ft. At _____ months, the infants visual capacity is very close to that of a normal adult.
20
200-400
6
What are the depth cues infants develop in relation to vision? In what order do they develop?
kinetic views
binocular cues
pictorial cues
Newborns prefer to look at ____ patterns and their preference for _____ increases with age.
high-contrast
more complex
Newborns prefer to look at faces by ______; and by _____ they prefer the face of their mother over an unfamiliar face of a woman.
2-5 days after birth
2 months
The fetus hears sounds in the uterus during ______
the last few months of development
Newborns are _____ sensitive to sounds intensity than adults.
only slightly less
Auditory localization
ability to orient toward the detection of a sound
__________ IS EVIDENT FOLLOWING BIRTH BUT SEEMS TO DISAPPEAR BETWEEN 2 AND 4 MONTHS ANS THEN IMPROVES DURING THE REST OF THE FIRST YEAR.
Auditory localization
At about ____ months of age, most children are able to pull themselves to standing while holding onto furniture
9-10
By ____ months, children take their first steps alone.
12
At around ____ months, about 50% of children use the toilet during the day.
24
By ____, most children exhibit a stable preference for the right or left hand.
4 years old
By ______, a child will ride the tricycle, dress and undress with simple clothing and is usually completely potty trained.
3 years old
By _____ months, a child shows increasingly good coordination, can sit alone without support, begins crawling and creeping.
8-9
At ____ months, the first teeth begin to appear
5-9 months
Gender differences in boys and girls in regard to motor development
in middle childhood, girls are more developed in terms of flexibility, agility, and balance whereas boys are more developed in strength and gross motors skills.
Most adults begin to notice some inability to focus on close objects (______) by age _____.
presbyopia
40
After age ____, most adults experience visual changes that interfere with daily life.
65
Many adults experience problems with hearing by age ___, this is more common in ____.
40, men in terms of not being able to hear higher frequencies.
One of the most consistent findings is that normal aging is accompanied by behavioral _____, which adversely affects performance on a variety of sensorimotor, perceptual, and cognitive tasks.
slowing
One of the best predictors for a child’s successful adjustment to chronic illness is _____ (especially level of ______).
illness severity
functional impairment
Survey results for 2013 indicate that, among youth 12-17 years old, 8.8% reported using _____ in the past month, while 11.6% reported using ____.
an illicit drug
alcohol
Surveys of older adults indicate that mean and women both report _____ as the primary reason for a lack of sexual activity.
physical health problems in men
the “gateway hypothesis”
abuse of illicit drugs by teens often begins with early use of gateway drugs (first tobacco and alcohol, and then marijuana), which is followed by the use of cocaine, meth and others.
According to Piaget, adaptation reflects two complementary processes: _____ involves incorporating new information into existing schemas, while ______ entails modifying existing schemas to incorporate new information.
Assimilation
Accomodation
The 4 stages of development According to Piaget
Sensorimotor: development depends on the sensory information provided by objects and other people and actions that can be performed upon them.
-make believe play
-representational thought
object permanence
-deferred imitation
Pre-operational: charcaterized by limitations such as the tendency to attribute human characteristics to inanimate objects
Concrete Operational: children are capable of conservation, which depends on the operations of reversibility and decentration
Formal Operational: characterized by the ability to think abstractly and engage in hypothetico-deductive reasoning.
-beginning involves renewed ego centrism, which is reflected in two phenomena (Elkind), the personal fable and imaginary audience.
Children in the Pre-operational stage exhibit _____, which reflects an incomplete understanding of cause and effect.
precausal (transductive) reasoning
Children in the _____ stage of development by Piaget, struggle with irreversibility. They cannot understand that when a liquid being poured from a short, fat glass into a tall slim one that there isn’t more liquid int he slim one.
pre-operational
_____ is the ability to understand that physical characteristics of an object remain the same, even when the outward appearance of that object changes. This depends on the operations of decentration and irreversibility.
children begin to understand this in Piaget’s ____ stage of development.
conservation
concrete-operational
_____ is a term used to describe the gradual acquisition of conservation abilities and other abilities within a specific stage of development. This is prevalent in Piaget’s ____ stage of development.
horizontal decalage
concrete-operational
Elkind extended Piaget’s work by extending specific characteristics of _______, which included _____ (the belief that one is unique and not subject to the natural laws that govern others) and ____ (the belief that one is always the center of attention).
adolescent egocentrism
personal fable
imaginary audience
What are the age ranges in Piaget’s developmental stages?
Sensorimotor (birth-2yrs)
Pre-operational (2-7yrs)
Concrete operational (7-11/12yrs)
Formal Operational (11 or 12+yrs)
In Piaget’s ____ stage, substage ______, the infant develops representational (symbolic) thought.
sensorimotor
6
Representational (symbolic) thought)
involves forming internal representations that allow the infant to think about absent objects and past events and to anticipate the consequences of action.
What are the substages of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage of development?
1- Reflexive schemes (birth-1 month): infant exercises their reflexes
2- Primary Circular Reactions (1-4 months): infant attempts to repeat pleasurable events involving their own body (i.e. thumb sucking)
3- Secondary Circular Reactions (4-8 months): infants attempts to reproduce pleasurable events following other people or objects (e.g. shakes rattle)
4-Coordinated Secondary Circular Reactions (8-12 months): infant combines secondary circular reactions (schemes) into new, more complex action sequences (uncovers an object and then grasps it)
5- Tertiary Circular (18-24 months): infant deliberately varies an action or action sequence to discover the consequences of doing so (e.g drops a toy from different heights)
6- Mental Representation (18-24 months): infant develops representational symbolic thought.
In contrast to Piagetians, information processing theorists focus on development within specific
cognitive domains (such as attention, memory, and reasoning)
Neo-Piagetian theorists consider ________ across domains and context as a normal part of development
unevenness in development
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
views all learning as socially mediated and proposes that cognitive development is first interpersonal and then intrapersonal.
cognitive development is facilitated when instruction and other environmental demands fall within the child’s zone of proximal development
symbolic make believe play provides children with a zone of proximal development that enables the child to practice behaviors in situations that require less precision and accuracy than would be required in reality
zone of proximal development
the discrepancy between a child’s current developmental level (level where they can function independently) and the level of development just beyond their current level but can be reached when an adult or peer provides scaffolding
Vygotsky’s view on symbolic play
symbolic make believe play provides children with a zone of proximal development that enables the child to practice behaviors in situations that require less precision and accuracy than would be required in reality
Difference between how Piaget and Vygotsky viewed children speaking aloud to themselves
V described it as self-directed speech that helps them regulate and organize their behaviors.
Piaget saw it as egocentric
Vygotsky’s influence on educational strategies can be seen in ___________ method. Define that.
Brown and Palinscar’s (1989) Reciprocal Teaching Method
it emphasized a child’s ability to learn through social interaction and has been applied to reading instruction. Teacher initially leads the instruction and models appropriate kinds of questions to ask. Students will eventually take over the teacher’s role and take turns asking similar types of questions.
Theory of Mind (Lewis and Mitchel, 2014)
What is the development like? Ages?
refers tot he ability to make inferences about another’s representational states and to predict behavior accordingly.
It develops gradually during childhood, with major changes usually happening at 2-3, 4-5, and after age 5.
What happens in the different age ranges in the theory of mind?
2-3: become aware of other people’s mental states and begin to understand that people have different perceptions, emotions, and desires that influence their actions.
4-5: understand that another person’s thoughts may be false and that people may act on false beliefs
5+: realize people’s actions are not always consistent with their true thoughts/ feelings. Understand that people interpret (rather than record) events and that different people may interpret the same event differently. As they move into early teens, they realize people can have mixed feelings about others and events.
Research comparing the memory of children and adults suggests that, until about age ____, children do not regularly use rehearsal, elaboration, and other memory strategies.
9 or 10
improvements on cognitive tasks that occur as children get older are due, in part to improvements in _____ (thinking about thinking)
metacognition
Among older adults, ____ memory shows greatest age-related decline which seems to be due to primarily problems related to the use of effective _____
recent-longterm (secondary)
encoding
The ability of adults to have better recall of autobiographical events that occurred between the ages of 10-30 is referred to as the _____
reminiscence bump
Greater recall of recent events (events that occurred in the last 20 years) is referred to as
retention function
Adults are usually able to recall very few of the events they experienced prior to age _____, this is possible due to _____.
3-4
childhood amnesia
