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notion 2 > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

where is CSF

A

subarachnoid space and central Canal of spinal chord

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2
Q

CSF transports what ions

A

na, cl and bicarbonate

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3
Q

basolateral or apical membrane that is nearer the blood

A

basolateral

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4
Q

3rd ventcile to 4th ventricle via

A

cerebral aqueduct

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5
Q

how to csf return to venous blood

A

arachnoid granular into the superior saggotal sinus which is one fo the dural venous sinuses

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6
Q

blood brain barrier formed bu what cells

A

endothelial

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7
Q

normal CSF is

A

clear, contains little protein and little immunoglobluins

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8
Q

normal CSF is

A

clear, contains little protein and little immunoglobluins

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9
Q

accumulation of CSF

A

hydrocephalus in newborn

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10
Q

aqueous humour has what that buffers

A

bicarbonate

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11
Q

what is an antioxidant in aqueous humour

A

ascarbate

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12
Q

what is tranpsorted from interstitial fluid to epithelial cells

A

cl and na

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13
Q

acetozolamide can lead to

A

acidosis

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14
Q

nasal or temporal fibres cross over

A

nasal

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15
Q

amblyopia

A

no problems with optic and retina but one eye has better vision than the other

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16
Q

order of signal

A

photoreceptors
bipolar cells
ganglion cells

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17
Q

photoreceptors eg cones and rods do what

A

transduction - radiation to neural

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18
Q

membrane potenital depolrise or hyper polarise with light

A

hyperpolarise

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19
Q

rhodopsin are composed of what

A

vit a derivative and opsin

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20
Q

closure fo what channel results in hyper polarisation

A

Na

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21
Q

what is visual acuity

A

able to distinguish two nearby points, determined largely by photorecptor spacing and refractive power

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22
Q

what allows perception of colour

A

cones have different opsonis for discrete wavelengths

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23
Q

tears contain what cells

A

neutrophils, macrophages and mast cells

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24
Q

langerhan cell is an

A

macrophage

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25
Q

the only part of the eye with lymphatic drainage

A

conjuctiva

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26
Q

is cornea and sclera avascular

A

yes

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27
Q

what organs has immune privilege

A

no inflammatory response to antigens - brain, testes, placenta and eyes

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28
Q

ocular cicatrices pemphigoid is type 2 and is what

A

blistering and scarring of the conjuctiva

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29
Q

central cornea is defiecnt in

A

langerhan cells

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30
Q

oculomotor also results in paralysis of what innervation

A

parasympathetic

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31
Q

osmolarity of body fluids

A

300

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32
Q

inulin measures

A

ECF

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33
Q

albumin measures

A

plasma

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34
Q

ain ions in ecu

A

na, cl and hco3

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35
Q

osmotic conc on ICF and ECF is identical

A

300

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36
Q

gain or loss of NA only affects

A

ECF

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37
Q

active form of vit D

A

calcitriol

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38
Q

golmerulus is where the

A

fist step of urine production occurs

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39
Q

epithelial cells of bowman capsule are

A

podocytes

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40
Q

normal GFR

A

125

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41
Q

NACL leads to constriction of what

A

afferent arteriole

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42
Q

gfr in burned patients

A

will increase

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43
Q

para amino hippuric acid

A

not reabsorbed

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44
Q

fluid reabsorbed in the proximal tubule is

A

iso-osmotic

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45
Q

where is sodium not absorbed

A

descending loop of henle

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46
Q

what enable the formation of hypertonc urine

A

loop of henle

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47
Q

urea does what

A

adds solute to interstitial fluid

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48
Q

vasa recta does what

A

slows rate of blood flow and allows for more water reabsorption

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49
Q

proximal
loop
distal

A

p-iso-osmotic
l-hypertonic
d- hyposmotic

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50
Q

aldosterone is secreted where

A

distal tubule

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51
Q

what do things can trigger aldosterone release

A

increase in K or activation of RAAS

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52
Q

renin increases reabsorption of

A

Na

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53
Q

ANP acts to

A

lower BP

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54
Q

venous blood is more .. than arterial

A

acidic

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55
Q

ammonia comes from

A

glutamien

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56
Q

what is secreted to allow for bicarbonate reabsorption to prevent acidosis

A

H+

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57
Q

diarrhoea causes

A

metabolic acidosis - excess loss of bicarbonate

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58
Q

vomiting causes

A

metabolic hyperakalosis - excess loss of Hal

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59
Q

aldosterone hypersecretion causes

A

metabolic alkalossi

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60
Q

what muscle has gap junctions

A

cardiac

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61
Q

what muscle only has ca from SR

A

skeletal

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62
Q

what attaches skeletal muscle to skeleton

A

tendons

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63
Q

myosin is

A

darker

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64
Q

functional units of the muscle

A

sacromeres

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65
Q

troponin is on

A

actin

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66
Q

asynchronous motor unit recruitment helps prevent

A

muscle fatigue

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67
Q

muscle tension stay constant as muscle length changes

A

isotonic

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68
Q

main source fo ATP when 02 is present

A

oxidative phosphorylation

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69
Q

main source of ATP when o2 is not present

A

glycolysis

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70
Q

muscle spindles have what

A

sensory nerve endings - annulospiral fibres

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71
Q

synovial cells are

A

fibroblasts which produce synovial fluid

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72
Q

what makes synovial fluid have high viscosity

A

hyaluronic acid (mucin)

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73
Q

inflammatory synovial fluid is

A

straw to yellow

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74
Q

septic synovial fluid is

A

opaque

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75
Q

what mainly comprises cartilage

A

water

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76
Q

what enzymes cause extracellular matrix degradation

A

matalloprroteinases eg collagenase or stromelysin

77
Q

why does OA have poor healing

A

as articular cartilage is avascular

78
Q

receptors in skeletal muscle

A

nicotinic

79
Q

muscle weakness during activity

A

myasthenia graves

80
Q

what affects calcium homeostasis

A

PTH and D3

81
Q

cholecalciferol is convertes to 25 in

A

liver

82
Q

25 converted to 1,25 in

A

kidney

83
Q

PTH regulates

A

25 to 1,25

84
Q

PTh increases activity of what

A

osteoclastic

85
Q

spin-reticular tract involves

A

response to pain

86
Q

fast pain is via what fibres

A

A

87
Q

what bone healing occurs if fractures fixed with screws and plates

A

primary

88
Q

mature insulin consists of how many polypeptide chains

A

2

89
Q

what is a glucose sensor

A

glucokinase

90
Q

ATp does what do the ATP sensitive K channel

A

inhibits it

91
Q

what % of insulin granules are immediately available for release

A

5

92
Q

what suppresses beta and alpha cell function

A

somatostatin

93
Q

do GLP-1 have a risk of hypoglycaemia

A

no

94
Q

parafollicular cells contain

A

calcitonin secreting C cells

95
Q

thyroglobulin is synthesised where and stored where

A

sytnrhsised in follicular cells and stored in the colloid

96
Q

which thyroid hormone is a pro hormone

A

T4 - as it is then converted to T3

97
Q

what effect do thyroid hormones have on basal metabolic rate

A

increase it

98
Q

GH requires what

A

thyroid hormones

99
Q

what else is a kinase linked receptor

A

growth hormone

100
Q

what provides the highest level of endocrine control

A

hypothalamus

101
Q

cicardian rhythm relates to

A

light

102
Q

are steroids stored

A

no once they are synthesised they are secreted

103
Q

examples of amines

A

adrenaline and thyroid hormone

104
Q

oxytocin, adh, Gh and insulin are

A

peptides

105
Q

what is release in posterior pituitary

A

ADH and oxytocin

106
Q

RAAS produces what

A

angiotensinogen II

107
Q

what dode angiotensinogen do

A

vasoconstriction and release aldosterone

108
Q

what - increases blood pressure
increases GFR
decreases serum calcium
decreases immune response and increases blood sugar

A

cortisol

109
Q

adrenaline and noradrenaline are dopamine derives which in turn is derived from

A

tyrosine

110
Q

effect of FSH on woman and men

A

woman- secrete oestrogen
men- testes to prodcues serum

111
Q

effect of LH

A

woman- ovulation and progesterone production
men- secrete testsoeteone

112
Q

sex hormones act via

A

kisspeptin

113
Q

what decreases the frequency of GnRH pushes

A

progesterone

114
Q

1 follicle for ovulation is totally dependent on

A

FSH levels

115
Q

LH surge preced ovulation before how long

A

34-36hrs

116
Q

does oestrogen mainly act as a positive or genitive feedback

A

negative

117
Q

what inhibits secretion of H

A

progesterone

118
Q

testosterone if from where in testes

A

Leydig cells

119
Q

sperm is porduced from

A

Sertoli cells

120
Q

highly active form of testosterone

A

Dihydrotestosterone

120
Q

highly active form of testosterone

A

Dihydrotestosterone

121
Q

adh works by increasing what

A

aquaporins

122
Q

dry mucous membranes and sunken eyeballs

A

hypoanatraemia

123
Q

sob, tired

A

hypernatraemai

124
Q

most common cause of hyponatraemia

A

SIADH

125
Q

most common cause of hypernatraemia

A

dehydration

126
Q

if got high sodium due to too little water do what

A

give water as IV dextrose

127
Q

ig got high sodium due to too cub sodium then

A

remove sodium through diuretics

128
Q

SIADH has low sodium

A

as lots fo water is being reabsorbed

129
Q

treat oedema with what

A

loops

130
Q

main role of vit D

A

increase flow of calcium into the bloodstream

131
Q

what vitamin d is cholecaliferol

A

D3

132
Q

what is made by action of sunlight on skin

A

cholecalciferol

133
Q

what is the biologically active form of vit D?

A

1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol

134
Q

where does most of the conversion of T4 to T3 occur

A

the skin

135
Q

antimicrobial peptides directly kill pathogens produced by

A

keratinocytes

136
Q

AMPs seen in high levels in

A

psoriasis

137
Q

main ski immune cell

A

langergan

138
Q

langerhan cells are characterised by the what granule

A

birbeck

139
Q

what T cell is mainly found in the epidermis

A

CD8

140
Q

psoriasis

A

T1 and 17

141
Q

atopic dermatitis

A

T2 and T17

142
Q

this is found in diseased skin

A

plasmacytoid dendritic cell

143
Q

type 4 hypersensitivity is what cell mediated

A

TH1

144
Q

pressure sore looks like

A

mild sunburn

145
Q

what transmits itch

A

unmyelinated C fibres

146
Q

ras and Raf are

A

oncogene

147
Q

p53 is an

A

tumour suppressor

148
Q

uv what causes sunburn

A

B

149
Q

Uv what causes wrinkles

A

A

150
Q

Uv light induces the formation of what

A

covalent linkages between pyrimidine of DNA strand

151
Q

can UV damage lead to immunosuppression

A

yes

152
Q

sunbeds are predominately UV

A

a

153
Q

up to 80% of sun damage occurs whenn

A

first 18 years of life

154
Q

drugs that can increase sensivitibty to Uv so need year long sun protection

A
  • thiazides, Nsaids, anti Tnf , azathioprine and voricanazole (anti- fungal)
155
Q

BCC due to activation of what pathway

A

hedgehog

156
Q

most BBC are due to inactivation of what tumour suppressor

A

PTCH

157
Q

what skin cancer is associated with BRAF mutation

A

melanoma

158
Q

BRAF inhibitor

A

vemurafenib

159
Q

skin tags associated with

A

insulin resistance

160
Q

oedema in underweight kid

A

kwashiorkor

161
Q

papillomatosis

A

irregular epithelial thickening

162
Q

lichendoidal basal layer is lichens but an also be

A

lupus

163
Q

skin is course and yellow from photo ageing

A

solar elastosis

164
Q

taste receptors are replaced with what cells

A

basal

165
Q

taste cn

A

7,9, and 10

166
Q

anterior 2/3 of tongue nerve

A

facial

167
Q

posterior 1/3 of tongue nerve

A

glossopharyngeal

168
Q

olfactory neuroepithelium composed of

A

psedustratiefied columnar epithelium

169
Q

what secrets mucus in nose

A

duct cell of bowmans gland

170
Q

frequency dictates

A

pitch

171
Q

human perceives what pitch

A

20-20,000 Hz

172
Q

head position is sensed by the what

A

utricle and saccule

173
Q

head movement is sense by the

A

semicircular canals

174
Q

cristal amullaris at base of semicircular canal responds to

A

rotational movement

175
Q

vestibulo- ocular reflex

A

keep objects in focus while the head is moving

176
Q

vestibulo- ocular reflex

A

keep objects in focus while the head is moving

177
Q

nystagmus is

A

involuntary eye movement in response to head movement

178
Q

when does separation and stranger anxiety begin

A

7 months

179
Q

basic foundation of personality

A

temperament

180
Q

what cells form myelin sheath s

A

oligodendrocyte progenitor cells

181
Q

red flags

A

not reaching objects - 6months
unable to sit - 12
unable to walk- 18
no speech - 18

181
Q

red flags

A

not reaching objects - 6months
unable to sit - 12
unable to walk- 18
no speech - 18

182
Q

children under what age are not legal of giving consent to any sexual acitivity

A

13

183
Q

from what age can be weighed in vest and pants

A

2

184
Q

onset of puberty in girls

A

development of breast buds

185
Q

precocious puberty is girl and boy

A

g less than 8 and b less than 9

186
Q

pubertal delay

A

if g older than 13 or b older than 14

notion 2 (9 decks)

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