Physiology Flashcards
1
Q
where is CSF
A
subarachnoid space and central Canal of spinal chord
2
Q
CSF transports what ions
A
na, cl and bicarbonate
3
Q
basolateral or apical membrane that is nearer the blood
A
basolateral
4
Q
3rd ventcile to 4th ventricle via
A
cerebral aqueduct
5
Q
how to csf return to venous blood
A
arachnoid granular into the superior saggotal sinus which is one fo the dural venous sinuses
6
Q
blood brain barrier formed bu what cells
A
endothelial
7
Q
normal CSF is
A
clear, contains little protein and little immunoglobluins
8
Q
normal CSF is
A
clear, contains little protein and little immunoglobluins
9
Q
accumulation of CSF
A
hydrocephalus in newborn
10
Q
aqueous humour has what that buffers
A
bicarbonate
11
Q
what is an antioxidant in aqueous humour
A
ascarbate
12
Q
what is tranpsorted from interstitial fluid to epithelial cells
A
cl and na
13
Q
acetozolamide can lead to
A
acidosis
14
Q
nasal or temporal fibres cross over
A
nasal
15
Q
amblyopia
A
no problems with optic and retina but one eye has better vision than the other
16
Q
order of signal
A
photoreceptors
bipolar cells
ganglion cells
17
Q
photoreceptors eg cones and rods do what
A
transduction - radiation to neural
18
Q
membrane potenital depolrise or hyper polarise with light
A
hyperpolarise
19
Q
rhodopsin are composed of what
A
vit a derivative and opsin
20
Q
closure fo what channel results in hyper polarisation
A
Na
21
Q
what is visual acuity
A
able to distinguish two nearby points, determined largely by photorecptor spacing and refractive power
22
Q
what allows perception of colour
A
cones have different opsonis for discrete wavelengths
23
Q
tears contain what cells
A
neutrophils, macrophages and mast cells
24
Q
langerhan cell is an
A
macrophage
25
the only part of the eye with lymphatic drainage
conjuctiva
26
is cornea and sclera avascular
yes
27
what organs has immune privilege
no inflammatory response to antigens - brain, testes, placenta and eyes
28
ocular cicatrices pemphigoid is type 2 and is what
blistering and scarring of the conjuctiva
29
central cornea is defiecnt in
langerhan cells
30
oculomotor also results in paralysis of what innervation
parasympathetic
31
osmolarity of body fluids
300
32
inulin measures
ECF
33
albumin measures
plasma
34
ain ions in ecu
na, cl and hco3
35
osmotic conc on ICF and ECF is identical
300
36
gain or loss of NA only affects
ECF
37
active form of vit D
calcitriol
38
golmerulus is where the
fist step of urine production occurs
39
epithelial cells of bowman capsule are
podocytes
40
normal GFR
125
41
NACL leads to constriction of what
afferent arteriole
42
gfr in burned patients
will increase
43
para amino hippuric acid
not reabsorbed
44
fluid reabsorbed in the proximal tubule is
iso-osmotic
45
where is sodium not absorbed
descending loop of henle
46
what enable the formation of hypertonc urine
loop of henle
47
urea does what
adds solute to interstitial fluid
48
vasa recta does what
slows rate of blood flow and allows for more water reabsorption
49
proximal
loop
distal
p-iso-osmotic
l-hypertonic
d- hyposmotic
50
aldosterone is secreted where
distal tubule
51
what do things can trigger aldosterone release
increase in K or activation of RAAS
52
renin increases reabsorption of
Na
53
ANP acts to
lower BP
54
venous blood is more .. than arterial
acidic
55
ammonia comes from
glutamien
56
what is secreted to allow for bicarbonate reabsorption to prevent acidosis
H+
57
diarrhoea causes
metabolic acidosis - excess loss of bicarbonate
58
vomiting causes
metabolic hyperakalosis - excess loss of Hal
59
aldosterone hypersecretion causes
metabolic alkalossi
60
what muscle has gap junctions
cardiac
61
what muscle only has ca from SR
skeletal
62
what attaches skeletal muscle to skeleton
tendons
63
myosin is
darker
64
functional units of the muscle
sacromeres
65
troponin is on
actin
66
asynchronous motor unit recruitment helps prevent
muscle fatigue
67
muscle tension stay constant as muscle length changes
isotonic
68
main source fo ATP when 02 is present
oxidative phosphorylation
69
main source of ATP when o2 is not present
glycolysis
70
muscle spindles have what
sensory nerve endings - annulospiral fibres
71
synovial cells are
fibroblasts which produce synovial fluid
72
what makes synovial fluid have high viscosity
hyaluronic acid (mucin)
73
inflammatory synovial fluid is
straw to yellow
74
septic synovial fluid is
opaque
75
what mainly comprises cartilage
water
76
what enzymes cause extracellular matrix degradation
matalloprroteinases eg collagenase or stromelysin
77
why does OA have poor healing
as articular cartilage is avascular
78
receptors in skeletal muscle
nicotinic
79
muscle weakness during activity
myasthenia graves
80
what affects calcium homeostasis
PTH and D3
81
cholecalciferol is convertes to 25 in
liver
82
25 converted to 1,25 in
kidney
83
PTH regulates
25 to 1,25
84
PTh increases activity of what
osteoclastic
85
spin-reticular tract involves
response to pain
86
fast pain is via what fibres
A
87
what bone healing occurs if fractures fixed with screws and plates
primary
88
mature insulin consists of how many polypeptide chains
2
89
what is a glucose sensor
glucokinase
90
ATp does what do the ATP sensitive K channel
inhibits it
91
what % of insulin granules are immediately available for release
5
92
what suppresses beta and alpha cell function
somatostatin
93
do GLP-1 have a risk of hypoglycaemia
no
94
parafollicular cells contain
calcitonin secreting C cells
95
thyroglobulin is synthesised where and stored where
sytnrhsised in follicular cells and stored in the colloid
96
which thyroid hormone is a pro hormone
T4 - as it is then converted to T3
97
what effect do thyroid hormones have on basal metabolic rate
increase it
98
GH requires what
thyroid hormones
99
what else is a kinase linked receptor
growth hormone
100
what provides the highest level of endocrine control
hypothalamus
101
cicardian rhythm relates to
light
102
are steroids stored
no once they are synthesised they are secreted
103
examples of amines
adrenaline and thyroid hormone
104
oxytocin, adh, Gh and insulin are
peptides
105
what is release in posterior pituitary
ADH and oxytocin
106
RAAS produces what
angiotensinogen II
107
what dode angiotensinogen do
vasoconstriction and release aldosterone
108
what - increases blood pressure
increases GFR
decreases serum calcium
decreases immune response and increases blood sugar
cortisol
109
adrenaline and noradrenaline are dopamine derives which in turn is derived from
tyrosine
110
effect of FSH on woman and men
woman- secrete oestrogen
men- testes to prodcues serum
111
effect of LH
woman- ovulation and progesterone production
men- secrete testsoeteone
112
sex hormones act via
kisspeptin
113
what decreases the frequency of GnRH pushes
progesterone
114
1 follicle for ovulation is totally dependent on
FSH levels
115
LH surge preced ovulation before how long
34-36hrs
116
does oestrogen mainly act as a positive or genitive feedback
negative
117
what inhibits secretion of H
progesterone
118
testosterone if from where in testes
Leydig cells
119
sperm is porduced from
Sertoli cells
120
highly active form of testosterone
Dihydrotestosterone
120
highly active form of testosterone
Dihydrotestosterone
121
adh works by increasing what
aquaporins
122
dry mucous membranes and sunken eyeballs
hypoanatraemia
123
sob, tired
hypernatraemai
124
most common cause of hyponatraemia
SIADH
125
most common cause of hypernatraemia
dehydration
126
if got high sodium due to too little water do what
give water as IV dextrose
127
ig got high sodium due to too cub sodium then
remove sodium through diuretics
128
SIADH has low sodium
as lots fo water is being reabsorbed
129
treat oedema with what
loops
130
main role of vit D
increase flow of calcium into the bloodstream
131
what vitamin d is cholecaliferol
D3
132
what is made by action of sunlight on skin
cholecalciferol
133
what is the biologically active form of vit D?
1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol
134
where does most of the conversion of T4 to T3 occur
the skin
135
antimicrobial peptides directly kill pathogens produced by
keratinocytes
136
AMPs seen in high levels in
psoriasis
137
main ski immune cell
langergan
138
langerhan cells are characterised by the what granule
birbeck
139
what T cell is mainly found in the epidermis
CD8
140
psoriasis
T1 and 17
141
atopic dermatitis
T2 and T17
142
this is found in diseased skin
plasmacytoid dendritic cell
143
type 4 hypersensitivity is what cell mediated
TH1
144
pressure sore looks like
mild sunburn
145
what transmits itch
unmyelinated C fibres
146
ras and Raf are
oncogene
147
p53 is an
tumour suppressor
148
uv what causes sunburn
B
149
Uv what causes wrinkles
A
150
Uv light induces the formation of what
covalent linkages between pyrimidine of DNA strand
151
can UV damage lead to immunosuppression
yes
152
sunbeds are predominately UV
a
153
up to 80% of sun damage occurs whenn
first 18 years of life
154
drugs that can increase sensivitibty to Uv so need year long sun protection
- thiazides, Nsaids, anti Tnf , azathioprine and voricanazole (anti- fungal)
155
BCC due to activation of what pathway
hedgehog
156
most BBC are due to inactivation of what tumour suppressor
PTCH
157
what skin cancer is associated with BRAF mutation
melanoma
158
BRAF inhibitor
vemurafenib
159
skin tags associated with
insulin resistance
160
oedema in underweight kid
kwashiorkor
161
papillomatosis
irregular epithelial thickening
162
lichendoidal basal layer is lichens but an also be
lupus
163
skin is course and yellow from photo ageing
solar elastosis
164
taste receptors are replaced with what cells
basal
165
taste cn
7,9, and 10
166
anterior 2/3 of tongue nerve
facial
167
posterior 1/3 of tongue nerve
glossopharyngeal
168
olfactory neuroepithelium composed of
psedustratiefied columnar epithelium
169
what secrets mucus in nose
duct cell of bowmans gland
170
frequency dictates
pitch
171
human perceives what pitch
20-20,000 Hz
172
head position is sensed by the what
utricle and saccule
173
head movement is sense by the
semicircular canals
174
cristal amullaris at base of semicircular canal responds to
rotational movement
175
vestibulo- ocular reflex
keep objects in focus while the head is moving
176
vestibulo- ocular reflex
keep objects in focus while the head is moving
177
nystagmus is
involuntary eye movement in response to head movement
178
when does separation and stranger anxiety begin
7 months
179
basic foundation of personality
temperament
180
what cells form myelin sheath s
oligodendrocyte progenitor cells
181
red flags
not reaching objects - 6months
unable to sit - 12
unable to walk- 18
no speech - 18
181
red flags
not reaching objects - 6months
unable to sit - 12
unable to walk- 18
no speech - 18
182
children under what age are not legal of giving consent to any sexual acitivity
13
183
from what age can be weighed in vest and pants
2
184
onset of puberty in girls
development of breast buds
185
precocious puberty is girl and boy
g less than 8 and b less than 9
186
pubertal delay
if g older than 13 or b older than 14
