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Physiology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
0
Q

What is ATP?

A

A general source of energy for all intracellular metabolic reactions

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1
Q

What are arterioles?

A

Blood vessels that are smaller than the arteries and that branch from arteries with variable amounts of elastic and smooth tissue

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2
Q

What is atrophy?

A

Reduction in size

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3
Q

What is autoregulation?

A

The process by which tissue perfusion remains relatively constant despite blood pressure changes

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4
Q

What are baroreceptors?

A

Receptors that are sensitive to pressure, and located in the aorta, internal carotid arteries and other large arteries in the neck and chest

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5
Q

What are capillaries?

A

Small blood vessels that join arterioles and venules, and are present in almost every tissue in the body

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6
Q

Define Cardiac Output (CO)

A

The volume of blood ejected by one ventricle into its respective artery each minute.

Calculated as the heart rate multiplied by the stroke volume

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7
Q

What are chemoreceptors?

A

Sensory receptors that detect the presence of a specific chemical

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8
Q

Define diffusion

A

The simple, passive movement of a substance down a concentration gradient

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9
Q

What is endocardium?

A

Cardiac tissue that consists of three layers and is continuous with the endothelial lining of the large blood vessels attached to the heart

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10
Q

What is endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Organelles that forms a network of membranes within the cell

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11
Q

Define facilitated diffusion

A

A process, faster than simple diffusion, with the passage of substances down their concentration gradients requiring a transporter

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12
Q

What is Golgi apparatus?

A

Membranous sacs that sort and modify proteins arriving from the granular endoplasmic reticulum, packing them into vesicles, before sending them to other organelles or secreting them

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13
Q

What are Golgi tendon organs (GTO)?

A

Bundles of collagen fibres, encapsulated by a connective tissue layer present at the muscle-tendon junctions

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14
Q

Define haemopoiesis

A

The formation of red blood cells in the bone marrow

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15
Q

Define haemostasis

A

Control of bleeding

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16
Q

Define heart rate (HR)

A

The number of ventricular contractions per minute

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17
Q

Define homeostasis

A

The maintenance of a constant internal conditions, within narrow limits, despite external changes

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18
Q

Define hyperplasia

A

An increase in tissue/organ size due to an increase in cell number

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19
Q

Define hypertrophy

A

An increase in tissue/organ size due to an increase in cell size

20
Q

What are inotropes?

A

Substances that affect the force of cardiac contractility

21
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Single-membraned oval organelle containing highly acidic digestive enzymes that break down bacteria, cell debris and dead organelles

22
Q

What is messenger RNA (mRNA)?

A

RNA that carries genetic code from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

23
Q

What are mitochondria?

A

Double-membraned, elongated, ovoid structures that function to make energy available to cells in the form ATP

24
Q

What are motor units?

A

Each skeletal muscle fibre is innervated by a single motor neurone, which comprises a motor neurone and all the muscle fibres it innervates

25
Q

Define innervation

A
  1. To supply an organ or body part with nerves.

2. To stimulate a nerve, muscle or body part to action

26
Q

What are muscle spindles?

A

Organs that lie parallel to the skeletal muscle fibres, and measure the extent of muscle stretch

27
Q

What is myocardium?

A

Tissue that consists of cardiac muscle cells (myocytes), which are responsible to for cardiac contractability

28
Q

What are myofibrils?

A

Filamentous bundles on the individual muscle fibre that run along the entire length of the fibre

29
Q

Define myocytes

A

Muscle cells

30
Q

What is a nuclear membrane/envelope?

A

Two membrane surrounding the nucleus containing pores that regulate the entry and exit of molecules

31
Q

What are nucleoli?

A

Highly coiled structures not enveloped by a nuclear membrane and containing RNA and protein components

32
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

The control centre of almost all cells

33
Q

Define ossification

A

The conversion of fibrous tissue or cartilage into bone.

Can either be intramembranous or endochondrial

34
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

The fibrous sac covering the whole heart

35
Q

What are peroxisomes?

A

Single-membraned, oval organelles that destroy the highly toxic hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) that is produced by certain cell reactions

36
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Organelles composed of about 70 proteins and several RNA molecules

There are two different subunits of different sizes, 30s and 50s, with the former being smaller

37
Q

What is ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?

A

The length of RNA where the protein molecules are actually assembled

38
Q

What is a sarcomere?

A

A muscle fibre matrix where the myofibrils are suspended

39
Q

What is sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

An endoplasmic reticulum equivalent in the muscle fibre.

Runs longitudinally along the myofibrils and wrap around groups of myofibrils

40
Q

What is the sinoatrial node?

A

The part of the heart that causes the pacemaker potential

41
Q

What is stroke volume (SV)?

A

Volume of blood ejected in one ventricular contraction

42
Q

Define total peripheral resistance (TPR)?

A

Resistance to blood flow in the circulatory system

43
Q

Define transcription

A

mRNA transcription

44
Q

What is transfer RNA (tRNA)?

A

RNA that transfers amino acids to the ribosomes to manufacture proteins

45
Q

Define translation

A

The formation of proteins from the mRNA

46
Q

Define transmural pressure

A

The pressure across the wall of a vessel

Can be affected by external and internal pressure

47
Q

What are venules?

A

Vessels that collect the blood from the capillaries and transport it to the veins

Medical Science (8 decks)

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