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Medical Science > Molecular Basis of Life > Flashcards

Molecular Basis of Life Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
0
Q

Define autosome

A

Any chromosome other than a sex chromosome

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1
Q

Define allele

A

Alternative versions of the same gene (A or a)

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2
Q

Define backcross

A

A test cross in which an individual is crosses with its parental genotype

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3
Q

What is blending theory?

A

An ancient theory of heredity which predicted that progeny should show a mixture of parental genotypes

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4
Q

What human trait shows a distinct flaw in the blending theory of heredity

A

Gender

When humans reproduce, they produce males and females, with an average 50:50 ratio.

They rarely produce hermaphrodites, showing that gender cannot be blended.

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5
Q

What is a character?

A

Any measurable or observable property of an organism

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6
Q

Define chiasmata

A

Cross over structures formed by two chromatids in prophase 1 of meiosis

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7
Q

Define codominance

A

Each of two alleles of a gene are expressed so that each displays it’s own separate phenotype in the heterozygote

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8
Q

Define dihybrid cross

A

A cross in which the inheritance of two characters or genes is studied

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9
Q

What is a diploid?

A

A cell or individual organism with two complete sets of chromosomes

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10
Q

Define dominant

A

The member of a pair of alleles of a gene (A) that is expressed in the heterozygote

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11
Q

Define epistasis

A

An interaction of gene such as one disguises the effects of a second gene in the phenotype

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12
Q

What is a gamete?

A

A reproductive cell (such as sperm in humans or pollen in plants) that fuses with a partner gamete (egg cell) to form a fertilised zygote

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13
Q

What is a gene?

A

A genetic unit of function that determines a hereditary character

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14
Q

Define genotype

A

The genetic information or constitution of an individual organism or cell

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15
Q

Define haploid

A

A cell or individual organism carrying one set of chromosomes

16
Q

Define heterozygote

A

A cell or organism that carries different alleles of a particular gene (Aa)

17
Q

Define homozygote

A

A cell or organism that carries the same alleles of a particular gene (AA or aa)

18
Q

Define incomplete dominance

A

Neither allele of a gene shows dominance to give an intermediate phenotype in the heterozygote

E.g. Pink carnation from White and red

19
Q

What is an intercross?

A

A cross between two individuals

20
Q

Define lethality of genes

A

A genotype that leads to the death of the cell or organism

21
Q

Define linkage

A

Genes carried on the same chromosome tending to be inherited together

22
Q

What is mapping?

A

The process of locating individual genes in their relative positions on a chromosome

23
Q

Define meiosis

A

The process of reductive division of a cell leading to the halving of the diploid number of chromosomes

24
Q

What is a monohybrid cross?

A

A cross in which the inheritance of one character or gene is studied

25
Q

Define mutation

A

Any permanent heritable change in the genetic material (making the cell or individual a mutant)

26
Q

What is a pedigree?

A

A diagram of a family tree showing the inheritance of a trait or traits down the generations

27
Q

Define phenotype

A

The observable or measurable appearance of an organism or cell caused by it’s genotype, environment, and interactions of the two

28
Q

Define recessive

A

The member of a pair of alleles of a gene that is not expressed in the heterozygote (a)

29
Q

Define reciprocal

A

A pair of crosses, where the trait is carried by one sex in the first cross, and by the other sex in the second cross

30
Q

Define recombination

A

A new association of alleles in the progeny caused by crossing over during meiosis

31
Q

What is selfing?

A

When an individual is allowed to self fertilise to produce the next generation

32
Q

Define sex chromosome

A

The chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual

33
Q

Define sex influenced

A

An autosomal trait that may be expressed in either sex, but whose pattern of expression depends upon the sex of the individual

34
Q

Define sex limited

A

An autosomal trait whose expression is limited to one sex

35
Q

Define sex linked

A

A trait determined by a gene carried on sex chromosome

36
Q

What is a test cross?

A

A cross test set up to determine the genotype of one parent by mating with a parent of known genotype

37
Q

What is a trait?

A

One of the observable forms that a character may show

38
Q

Define wild type

A

The common or reference form normally found in a natural population of an organism

Medical Science (8 decks)

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