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Practical - Y1B3 (CVS & IBL) 📘 > Physiology 🫁 > Flashcards

Physiology 🫁 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the methods of detection of heart sounds?

A

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2
Q

What does the phonocardiograph consist of?

A

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3
Q

What does the stethoscope consist of?

A

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4
Q

What is used for low-pitched sounds and high-pitched sounds?

A

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5
Q

What are the auscultatory areas of the heart and what are their sites?

A

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6
Q

What is the duration of S1,S2,S3 and S4 respectively?

A
  • 0.15
  • 0.1
  • 0.05
  • 0.02
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7
Q

What is the relation to the cardiac cycle of S1,S2,S3 and S4 respectively?

A
  • Isometric contraction and maximum ejection
  • isometric relaxation
  • terminal part of rapid filling
  • mid-point of atrial systole—-> presystolic heart sound
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8
Q

What is the cause of S1,S2,S3 and S4 respectively?

A
  • Sudden closure of AV valves + ventricular and vascular component
  • sudden closure of semi-lunar valves
  • Vibration of the relaxed ventricular wall and the cusps of AV valves
  • Vibration of the AV valves cusps due to the rush of blood from atria to ventricles
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9
Q

What are the characters of S1,S2,S3 and S4 respectively?

A
  • Soft and low pitched(25-40Hz), heard as the word lub by the stethoscope
  • Sharp and high-pitched(50Hz), here is the word Dub by states of stethoscope
  • Low pitched sound that can only be heard in children
  • Faint low pitched sound that is not Melanie inaudible
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10
Q

What are the auscultatory sites of S1,S2,S3 and S4 respectively?

A
  • Mitral and tricuspid area
  • Aortic area and pulmonary area
  • Best heard at the mitral area while the person is in recumbent position and leaning to the left side
  • at the mitral area (abnormal)
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11
Q

What are the abnormalities of heart sounds?

A

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12
Q

What is the definition of splitting heart sound?

A

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13
Q

What is the cause of splitting heart sound?

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14
Q

What is the cause of splitting of the first heart sound in?

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15
Q

What is the cause of splitting of the second heart sound? And when is it observed?

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16
Q

What is the definition of triple or gallop rhythm?

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17
Q

When does gallop rhythm occur?

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18
Q

What is the definition of murmurs?

A

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19
Q

What is the mechanism of murmurs?

A

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20
Q

What are the types of blood flow in vessels?

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21
Q

What is the time of systolic murmur, diastolic murmur and continuous murmur respectively?

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22
Q

What is the cause of systolic murmur?

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23
Q

What is the cause of diastolic murmur?

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24
Q

What is the cost of continuous murmur? (Machinery murmur)

A

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25
Q

What is arterial pulse?

A

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26
Q

What is the strength of pulse determined by?

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27
Q

What is pulse pressure affected by?

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28
Q

What is the clinical importance of measuring the pulse?

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29
Q

Where could the arterial pulsation be felt?

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30
Q

What is the most common site for taking pulse measurements in adults?

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31
Q

What is the procedure of radial pulse measuring?

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32
Q

Where is the carotid pulse felt?

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33
Q

Where is the carotid pulse felt?

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34
Q

Where is the carotid pulse felt?

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35
Q

Where is the carotid pulse felt?

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36
Q

Where is the carotid pulse felt?

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37
Q

Where is the carotid pulse felt?

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38
Q

What is the use of ECG?

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39
Q

What is the number of leads?

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40
Q

What are the types of leads?

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41
Q

What do leads measure?

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42
Q

What is the number and examples of each type of leads?

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43
Q

What does einthoven law state?

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44
Q

What is the number of electrodes?

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45
Q

How are electrodes placed?

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46
Q

What are the best leads to identify lesions in ….?

Septum
Anterior surface
Lateral surface
Inferior surface

A

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47
Q

What are waves in ECG paper? And what is the direction of each one? And what do they represent?

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48
Q

What is the lead used to comment on ECG paper? And why?

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49
Q

How to comment on ECG paper?

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50
Q

What is calibration of ECG?

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51
Q

What is the paper speed of ECG?

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52
Q

How is heart rate calculated by ECG?

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53
Q

How is heart rhythm estimated by ECG?

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54
Q

What should be estimated for ECG waves?

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55
Q

What are ECG segments and intervals that may be found in ECG paper?

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56
Q

What is characteristic about ST segment?

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57
Q

What is the extension of PR interval?

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58
Q

What does PR interval represents?

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59
Q

What is the duration of PR interval?

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60
Q

What is the extension of QT interval?

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61
Q

What does QT interval represent?

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62
Q

What is the duration of QT interval?

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63
Q

What are cardiac axis? And where do they lie?

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64
Q

How to determine axis deviation on ECG paper?

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65
Q

What are the physiological causes of left axis deviation?

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66
Q

What are the pathological causes of left axis deviation?

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67
Q

What are the physiological causes of right axis deviation?

A

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68
Q

What are the pathological causes of right axis deviation?

A

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Practical - Y1B3 (CVS & IBL) 📘 (8 decks)

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