Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of epithelial cells in the mucosa?

A

Absorption

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2
Q

What is the process of segmentation called in the large intestine?

A

Haustration

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3
Q

In swallowing, what happens to the larynx? Why?

A

Elevates to prevent food from entering the trachea

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4
Q

What is xerostomia?

A

Dry mouth syndrome due to inadequate production of saliva

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5
Q

Where does most mixing/churning of food take place in the stomach?

A

Antrum

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6
Q

What is the substance produced when food mixes with gastric secretions?

A

Chyme

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7
Q

What occurs in Retropulsion?

A

Peristaltic wave forces chyme against closed pyloric sphincter, so chyme bounces back and undergoes more mixing

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8
Q

Where is the oxyntic mucosa area located?

A

Fundus and Body

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9
Q

Which cells are contained in the pyloric gland area?

A

D cells
G cells

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10
Q

What do D cells secrete?

A

Somatostatin

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11
Q

What do G cells secrete?

A

Gastrin

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12
Q

Which cells are contained in the oxyntic mucosa?

A

Parietal cells
Enterochromaffin-like cells
Chief cells

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13
Q

What do ECL cells secrete?

A

Histamine

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14
Q

What do parietal cells secrete?

A

HCl
Intrinsic factor

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15
Q

What do chief cells secrete?

A

Pepsinogen

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16
Q

What is the role of intrinsic factor in the oxyntic mucosa?

A

Binds vitamin B12

17
Q

What is the role of histamine in the oxyntic mucosa?

A

Stimulates HCl secretion

18
Q

What is the role of gastrin in the pyloric gland area?

A

Stimulates HCl secretion

19
Q

What is the role of somatostatin in the pyloric gland area?

A

Inhibits HCl secretion

20
Q

What is the storage form of iron called?

21
Q

What are the ranges for normal BMI?

22
Q

What are the ranges for BMI classed as overweight?

23
Q

What are the ranges for BMI classed as obese?

24
Q

What are the ranges for BMI classed as morbidly obese?

A

Greater than 40

25
Define satiation
Feeling of fullness during/following a meal
26
Define satiety
Period from end of one meal to beginning of next
27
What effects do satiation signals have during a meal?
Increased signals limit meal size, i.e. you can't eat anymore
28
What is ghrelin?
A hunger signal - levels increase before a meal and decrease after a meal
29
Which 2 hormones report the "fat status" of fat stores to the brain?
Leptin Insulin
30
Reduced leptin mimics starvation. True/False?
True
31
Name a drug that can be prescribed to tackle obesity
Orlistat
32
Vomiting is due to stomach contraction. True/False?
False Stomach, oesophagus + sphincters are relaxed
33
Describe haustration
Intermittent contraction of circular muscle in proximal colon at slow rate to allow contents to move but leave enough opportunity for reabsorption
34
Which nerve conveys efferents to cause either relaxation or contraction of the external anal sphincter?
Pudendal nerve
35
Where does blood from the hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein meet and mix in the liver?
Sinusoids (fenestrated capillaries that enable blood to leak out into space of Disse)