Physiology

Question 1

What is the function of epithelial cells in the mucosa?

Answer 1

Absorption

Question 2

What is the process of segmentation called in the large intestine?

Answer 2

Haustration

Question 3

In swallowing, what happens to the larynx? Why?

Answer 3

Elevates to prevent food from entering the trachea

Question 4

What is xerostomia?

Answer 4

Dry mouth syndrome due to inadequate production of saliva

Question 5

Where does most mixing/churning of food take place in the stomach?

Answer 5

Antrum

Question 6

What is the substance produced when food mixes with gastric secretions?

Answer 6

Chyme

Question 7

What occurs in Retropulsion?

Answer 7

Peristaltic wave forces chyme against closed pyloric sphincter, so chyme bounces back and undergoes more mixing

Question 8

Where is the oxyntic mucosa area located?

Answer 8

Fundus and Body

Question 9

Which cells are contained in the pyloric gland area?

Answer 9

D cells
G cells

Question 10

What do D cells secrete?

Answer 10

Somatostatin

Question 11

What do G cells secrete?

Answer 11

Gastrin

Question 12

Which cells are contained in the oxyntic mucosa?

Answer 12

Parietal cells
Enterochromaffin-like cells
Chief cells

Question 13

What do ECL cells secrete?

Answer 13

Histamine

Question 14

What do parietal cells secrete?

Answer 14

HCl
Intrinsic factor

Question 15

What do chief cells secrete?

Answer 15

Pepsinogen

Question 16

What is the role of intrinsic factor in the oxyntic mucosa?

Answer 16

Binds vitamin B12

Question 17

What is the role of histamine in the oxyntic mucosa?

Answer 17

Stimulates HCl secretion

Question 18

What is the role of gastrin in the pyloric gland area?

Answer 18

Stimulates HCl secretion

Question 19

What is the role of somatostatin in the pyloric gland area?

Answer 19

Inhibits HCl secretion

Question 20

What is the storage form of iron called?

Answer 20

Ferratin

Question 21

What are the ranges for normal BMI?

Answer 21

18.5-25

Question 22

What are the ranges for BMI classed as overweight?

Answer 22

25-29

Question 23

What are the ranges for BMI classed as obese?

Answer 23

30-39

Question 24

What are the ranges for BMI classed as morbidly obese?

Answer 24

Greater than 40

Question 25

Define satiation

Answer 25

Feeling of fullness during/following a meal

Question 26

Define satiety

Answer 26

Period from end of one meal to beginning of next

Question 27

What effects do satiation signals have during a meal?

Answer 27

Increased signals limit meal size, i.e. you can’t eat anymore

Question 28

What is ghrelin?

Answer 28

A hunger signal - levels increase before a meal and decrease after a meal

Question 29

Which 2 hormones report the “fat status” of fat stores to the brain?

Answer 29

Leptin
Insulin

Question 30

Reduced leptin mimics starvation. True/False?

Answer 30

True

Question 31

Name a drug that can be prescribed to tackle obesity

Answer 31

Orlistat

Question 32

Vomiting is due to stomach contraction. True/False?

Answer 32

False
Stomach, oesophagus + sphincters are relaxed

Question 33

Describe haustration

Answer 33

Intermittent contraction of circular muscle in proximal colon at slow rate to allow contents to move but leave enough opportunity for reabsorption

Question 34

Which nerve conveys efferents to cause either relaxation or contraction of the external anal sphincter?

Answer 34

Pudendal nerve

Question 35

Where does blood from the hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein meet and mix in the liver?

Answer 35

Sinusoids (fenestrated capillaries that enable blood to leak out into space of Disse)