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Renal > Physiology 1 > Flashcards

Physiology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is osmolality?

A

osmol/ kg water

= 1 l in weak body fluids

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2
Q

What is the unit of osmolarity?

A

osmol//

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3
Q

What is tonicity?

A

the effect a solution has on cell volume

solution can either be hypo, hyper or iso

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4
Q

What is an isotonic solution?

A

No net movement of water

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5
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

Increase in cell volume

more water outside the cell and water moves inside the cell

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6
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

the cell shrinks as the water is more inside the cell and water moves out

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7
Q

What is lysis of the RBC?

A

If the RBC has been put in a hypotonic solution it will be filled with water and cause lysis

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8
Q

What happens when a cell is put in a hypertonic solution?

A

it shrinks

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9
Q

Osmolarity of body fluids

A

300 mosmol/l

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10
Q

Osmolarity of cells

A

300 mosmol/l

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11
Q

What happens if the cell is introduced to a fluid with osmolarity >300mosmol/l?

A

hypertonic solution and the cell shrinks

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12
Q

What is a hypotonic solution?

A

osmolarity <300 mosmol/l

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13
Q

Comment on the osmolarity of the 300 mmol sucrose and 300mmol urea wrt

A

isotonic - sucrose
hypotonic - urea solution

depends on the solute in the solution - permeabiltiy

the RBC are very permeable to urea (as it has transporters) and it moves the urea molecules from the outside to inside the cell. It leaves behind water in outer environment -> hypotonic solution -> filling up of the cell

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14
Q

What other factors does tonicity and osmolarity depend on?

A

depends on the permeability of the solute in the solution

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15
Q

What is the RBC more permeable to, urea or sucrose?

A

Urea

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16
Q

What percentage of the body composition of females is made of water?

A

females - 50% of body weight

males - 60% of body weight

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17
Q

Which component is more common in females body composition?

A

fat

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18
Q

2/3rds of water in the body where is it found?

A

Intracellular fluid (67% of TBW)

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19
Q

What does the ECF include?

A

Plasma (20%)
Intersitial fluid(80%)
Lymph + transcellular

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20
Q

How is the volume of a fluid compartment measured?

A

Tracers

21
Q

ECF

A

inulin

22
Q

Plasma

A

labelled albumin

23
Q

TBW

A

3H20

24
Q

What is the formula for TBW?

A

ECF + ICF

25
Q

How to measure the tracer fluid compartment?

A

dose/sample concentration

26
Q

How to measure distribution voume of a tracer?

A

Add a known quantity of tracer X (QX; mol or mg) to the body
Measure the equilibration volume of X in the body ([X])

“Distribution volume “(“litres”) = (Q_X (“mol” ))/([X] (“mol/litre” ))

27
Q

Where does most of the input for water come from?

A

fluid intake, food intake, metabolism

28
Q

Where does the output of water come from?

A

Insensible loss - skin and lungs

sensible loss - sweat, faeces, urine

29
Q

How is water imbalance manifested in the body?

A

changes in the body fluid osmolarity

30
Q

Where is the most amount of water lost from the body?

A

urine - 1 ml/ min

but also depends on the hydration status of the body

31
Q

How does change in water balance affect osmolarity of the fluid compartments?

A

water will move y osmosis across the fluid compartments to maintain the osmolarity

32
Q

How is the water balance maintained due to changes by environmental temperature and water?

A

increased water ingestion

decreased secretion of water by the kidney –> but it is only the only thing that is necessary, can’t cope by itself

33
Q

What is the importance of kidney?

A

maintaing the ionic composition of the major fluid compartments (salt that is being absorbed or excreted in the body)

Maintains water balance

alters composition and volume of ECF

34
Q

Ionic concentration of various minerals btw ECF and ICF

A

Na and Cl -> more in the ECF

K - more inside the cell

35
Q

Compare ECF and ICF

A

Similar ionic concentration btw the plasma and interstitial fluid

36
Q

What seperates the ECF and ICF?

A

intracellular fluid and interstitial fluid - plasma membrane

Interstital fluid and capillaries - capillary wall

37
Q

How is the concentration of the ECF and ICF related in value?

A

identical osmolarity

38
Q

What is the fluid shift?

A

movement of water btw the ICF and ECF in response to an osmotic gradient

lose water but not salt -> ECF could become hypertonic
volume of the ICF wil decrease and ECF volume will icnrease

39
Q

What happens if the osmoic concentration of the ECF decreases (add more water)?

A

Hypotonic solution

the cells become large and swell up with water

40
Q

What ahppens if the ECF is to retain salt?

A

ECF hypertonic, and the ICF loses water and the ECF swells up with water

41
Q

How does the gain or loss of isotonic fluid change homeostasis?

A

no change in fluid osmolarity but change in the ECF fluid volume only

42
Q

What is the importance of regulation of ECF?

A

long term regulation of blood-pressure

43
Q

when does an electrolyte balance occur?

A

When rates of gain of the electrolyte = rate of loss

44
Q

What is the cause of the osmolaity/ fluid of the ECF?

A

Na

45
Q

What is the major determination of the ECF volume?

A

Na - water follows the salt

46
Q

WHat is the major ion that is important in setting up the resting membrane potential in excitable cells?

A

K

47
Q

Why should the plasma concentration of K be highly monitored?

A

small leakages or ↑ cellular uptake may severely affect [K+]plasma leading to:

(i) muscle weakness → paralysis
(ii) cardiac irregularities → cardiac arrest

48
Q

Where is most of the salt excreted from the body?

A

urine

49
Q

How does sodium imbalance affect fluid compartments?

A

changes the ECF fluid volume

Renal (21 decks)

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