Pathology 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main purpose of the corpus spongiosum?

A

corpus spongiosum doesn’t expand as much as corpus cavernosum during an erection - keeps the urethra open and doesn’t allow it to collapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which invasion is worse in cancer?

A

Corpus cavernosum - as it has more vasculature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is balanitis xerotic obliterans(BXO)/ lichen sclerosis?

A

very common
usually young patients
even neonates and kids & very old men
phimosis (foreskin that is stuck - red and swollen =, leading to painful urination)
paraphimosis –> can’t bring down the retracted foreskin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Histology of BXO

A

chronic inflammation/ scar tissue beneath the epithelium, hyalinisation and the foreskin in less pliable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the HPV viruses that cause benign genital warts?

A

HPV 6 and 11

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the HPV viruses that cause high risk ones?

A

HPV 16 and 18

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Neoplasia of the penis

A

PEiN - penile intraepithelial neoplasia

no grading

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Undifferentiated PEiN causes

A

HPV related

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Differentiates causes of PEiN

A

non HPV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Is penile cancer common?

A

NO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is CIN?

A

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Features felt on the testis

A
Lots of lumps and bumps
paratesticular swellings
testicular swellings
Orchitis
Torsion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the functional unit of the testis?

A

Semineferous tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the germ cells vs sertoli cells?

A

Germ cells –> produce sperms
Sertolid cells –> nourishment and environment within the tubules
Leydig cells-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What hormones stimulates the sertoli cells?

A

FSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Sertoli only syndrome

A

No germ cells hence can’t do IVF as there are no sperms produced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What controls the Leydig cells?

A

LH

convert testosterone into the DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is measured in hormone tests in athletes?

A

DHEA levels

19
Q

Importance of DHEA

A

active form of testosterone

20
Q

Are lumps common in the testis?

A

Yes

21
Q

What is a hydrocoele?

A

Fluid accumulation btw the two layers of the tunica vaginalis - mesothelial lining

unicyctic, smooth and fluid filled

it is adjacent to the testis, not on it, so can palpate it superior to the testis

22
Q

Examination and transilumination of the hydrocoele

A

smooth, softish, circunscribed, lucent

23
Q

What is a spermatocoele?

A

Not in the trestis in the epidydimis

cystic change within the vas of the epidydimis
unknown cause and usually asymptomatic
feeling of fullness, full of sperm

24
Q

What is a varicocoele?

A

Varisoties of venous plexus thatdrains the testis
usually asymtpmatic
may present with the feeling of a lump –> bag of worms

25
Q

Guidance for examination

A
in the testis or seperate
epidydimal or other 
if you can get above it -hernia
solid of cystic (unicyctic - fost, - benign; if multicystic - malignant)
painful - can be a red herring
26
Q

Torsion

A

testis and cord rotate around the arterial blood supply
cell death exrtemely quick
after 6 hours - the testis is largely irretrievable

27
Q

Bell clamper deformity

A

insertion of the tunica vaginalis is high - hence the testis is free in the scrotum

the testic can thus rotate and even sit laterally

28
Q

PC of torsion

A

extreme excruciating pain
no particular precipitant
common in neonates and adolescents
can be in your sleep as much as in sports

29
Q

Neoplasia in the testis

A

Lumps present in the testis proper
common tumour - ypunger age groups and more associated with malignancy
good prognosis - even at an advanced stage
responsive to chemo

30
Q

What are the two types of tumours in the testis?

A

Seminoma and non-seminomatous

tumours of the germ cells

31
Q

Most common testicular malignancy?

A

Seminomatous tumours - potato tumour on cutting it (white)

germ cell tumour- inflammatory infiltrates

32
Q

What is the age group for seminomas?

A

20-40

33
Q

Risk factora for seminomas

A

RF - undescended testis

contralateral testis also at risk

34
Q

What is the cure rate for seminomas?

A

Excellent - 90%

surgery and extremely responsive to radiotherapy

35
Q

Non-seminomatous tumour

A

less common
rarely exist as pure tumours
mixed types is the most common
vascular and cystic appearance

36
Q

Age group for non-seminomatous tumours

A

30s

37
Q

Agressiveness of non-seminomatous tumours

A

aggressive and can metastasize
even with mets the outcome is reasonable - very chemosensitive

have to treat ASAP - as they grow very fast

38
Q

What is a mature teratoma?

A

Three germ layers
endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm affected
all mallignant in testis (ovary –> benign)

39
Q

Yolk sac tumour

A

produce AFP

endodermal sinus character

40
Q

Embyonal

A

aggressive form, look high grade and is associated with freq mets

41
Q

Trophoblast

A

wacky looking cells, positive for HCG

positive pregnancy test

42
Q

What tells you if you got rid of the tumour or not?

A

tumour markers

43
Q

What are the 4 types of non-seminomatous tumours?

A

trophoblast, yolk-sac, embyonal, teratoma

44
Q

What is an inflammatory penile disease?

A

BXO