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Renal > Physio 2 > Flashcards

Physio 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of kidney

A

Water balance
Salt balance
Maintenance of plasma volume
Maintenance of plasma osmolarity
Acid-base balance
Excretion of metabolic waste products (e.g.)
Excretion of exogenous foreign compounds (e.g.)
Secretion of renin (control of arterial blood pressure)
Secretion of erythropoietin (EPO; RBC production)
Conversion of vitamin D into active form (Calcitriol: Ca2+ absorption in GI tract)

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2
Q

How is the kidney important in blood pressure regulation?

A

As it produces

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3
Q

When is erythropoietin produced?

A

When there is hypoxia

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4
Q

What stimulates the absorption of vitamin d from the gut?

A

conversion of Vit D into acitve form - calcitriol

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5
Q

How does erythropeitin affect the blood in those who abuse it?

A

The blood becomes thicker

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6
Q

Location of the kidney

A

left kidney - T12 - L3

right kidney -

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7
Q

Does the composition of the urine change as it enters the uterus from the kidney?

A

No

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8
Q

Difference in the appearance of the kidney

A

cortex - granulear appearance

medulla - striated appearance

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9
Q

How much cardiac output does the kindey receive?

A

25%

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10
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

Nephron

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11
Q

What are the functional mechanisms of the kidney?

A

Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion

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12
Q

What are the capillaries that drain around the loop of henle?

A

peritubular capillaries

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13
Q

What does the peritubular capillaries drain into?

A

a veinule and then drains into the renal vein

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14
Q

Describe the path of the blood flow in each nephron

A

artery -> afferent arteriole ->efferent arteriole -> peritubular capillaries -> veinule -> renal vein

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15
Q

From which compartment does secretion into the loop of henle occur?

A

Peritubular capillaries

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16
Q

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

It is the place where the afferent and efferent vessels come together and there is a gap in btw leaving space for the distal tubule to pass through

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17
Q

What is the fluid in the nephron?

A

tubular fluid (what undergoes modification)

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18
Q

What is the fluid in the collecting duct called?

A

urine (as it won’t undergo any modification)

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19
Q

Whihh nephrons are most common?

A

Cortical nephrons

20
Q

Diff btw the juxtamedullary nephron and cortical nephron?

A

juxtamedullary nephron - longer loop of henle, have no mesh of capillaries/ peritubular network but has a vasa recta

Cortical nephron - shorter loop of henle, have a peritubular capillary

21
Q

Which nephron produces a more concetrated urine?

A

Juxtamedullary nephron

22
Q

Why do kangaroos and animals in hotter climates have a mroe concentrated urine?

A

Due to more juxtamedullary nephron

23
Q

Striated appearance of the nephron

A

collecting ducts arranged in a radial fashion and stacked upon each other

24
Q

The diameter of which vessel is larger?

A

the arteriole diameter

25
Q

What happens if there is a constriction of the smooth muscle in the afferent arteriole?

A

less blood flows into the glomerular capillary

26
Q

What is the inner layer of the bowman’s capsule made up of?

A

Podocytes - have digits like projections which interdigitate and form slits which allow the filtration of the fluid

27
Q

What forms the intial tubular fluid?

A

the fluid that is initially filtered frm the bowmans capsule to the lumen of the glomerular capillary

28
Q

What is the glomerular membrane?

A

The collection of endothelial cell, basement membrane and podocyte together

29
Q

What is the importance of the glomerular membrane?

A

filtration of the fluid

30
Q

what is the importance of the juxtaglomerular appartus?

A

they contain the granular cells which are the site of production of renin

31
Q

What are macula densa cells?

A

Are salt sensitive cells -> which monitor the amount of salt present in the tubular fluid as it passes via this region

present proximal to the JGA of the distal tubule

32
Q

What is the urine?

A

Modified filtrate of the blood

33
Q

What are the mechanisms if urine modification?

A

reabsorption and secrerion

34
Q

What percent of the plasma is filtered as it enters the glomerulus?

A

20% of the plasma that passes through the glomerular capillary

35
Q

What percent of the plasma that enters the glomerulis not filtered and enters the efferent arteriole again?

A

80%

36
Q

What is the rate of excretion of a substance dependent on?

A

rate of inital concentration + how much has been additional added + how much has been reabsorbed

37
Q

What is the rate of filtration dependent on?

A

rate of filtration = concentration of the substance in the plasma x GFR

38
Q

What is the GFR value?

A

120 ml/min kept constant

39
Q

How can we increase the filtration of a substance if the GFR is kept constant?

A

increas the filtration by increasing the concentration of the substance in the plasma

40
Q

What is the rate of excretion of a substance?

A

Rate of excretion of X = mass of X excreted per unit time.
Rate of excretion of X = [X]urine  Vu

(where Vu = urine production rate)

41
Q

If the rate of filtration > rate of excretion, what does it signify?

A

net reabsorbption of the substance has occured - (lot more coming in that what is leaving)

42
Q

if the rate of filtration < rate of excretion, what does it signify?

A

Net secretion must occur

43
Q

How to calculate the rate of secretion of a substance?

A

Rate of secretion of X = rate of excretion of X – rate of filtration of X

44
Q

How to calculate the the rate of filtration of a substance?

A

Rate of filtration of X = mass of X filtered into the Bowman’s capsule per unit time.
For a freely filterable substance X;
Rate of filtration of X = [X]plasma  GFR

(where GFR = glomerular filtration rate)

45
Q

What should be noted white calculating rate equations?

A

always maintain the same UNITS - l/ min!!!

46
Q

eg

A

more coming in the filtrate than in the excreted fluid

Renal (21 decks)

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